Dichotomy between private and public experience: A case of Polish wierzyć believe Małgorzata Fabiszak Anna Hebda Barbara Konat Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan

Private vs public experience 1) COGNITION AS BRAIN metaphor: individual autistic brain COGNITION AS ACTIVITY: body, context, other individuals and tools, accumulated knowledge [Bernardez 2007] 2) Intersubjectivity as the sharing of experiential content (e.g. feelings, perceptions, thoughts and linguistic meanings) among a plurality of subjects [Zlatev et al 2008]

Polish wierzyć to believe: dictionary senses wierzyć 1)to consider sth true 2) to follow a religion 3) to consider what sb says true 4) to trust sb 5) to see sbs potential and be convinced of their future success [SJP PWN online] Cx 1)+2) wierzyć w+ACC to believe in...; wierzyć, że to believe that 3) wierzyć komuś, że to believe sb that... 4) wierzyć komuś to believe sb 5) wierzyć w kogoś to believe in sb

Prefixed forms: uwierzyć, dowierzać, zawierzyć/ać u- in one of its image schemas the LM is construed as a collection of entities among which the selected TR is located; thus, the TR constitutes part of the LM (aspectual pair with senses 1) and 2)) do- indicates an approximation to a goal or result; some effort; reaching the goal may involve encountering certain difficulties along the way, where the trajector (TR) makes every effort to achieve the goal despite any obstacles; (sense 3)) za- can represent a construal of excess with intransitive perfective verbs, being extended from the sense of going beyond a boundary (Dickey 2006, 2009, p.c.; Przybylska 2001, 2006; Piernikarski 1975; Śmiech 1986; Tabakowska 2003)

Hypotheses 1)Individual cognition co-occurs more frequently with 1st Person Sg Subjects 2)Social Cognition co-occurs more frequently with NP Objects 3)Individual Cognition co-occurs more frequently with that-Clausal Objects 4)Individual Cognition co-occurs more frequently with 1st Person Sg IObjects

Data PWN Corpus extracts from 386 books, 977 issues of 185 newspapers and magazines, 84 recorded conversations, 207 websites and several hundred promotional leaflets 40 million words; demo online version of the corpus used – 7.5 million words wierzyć: 384, uwierzyć: 466, dowierzać: 11, zawierzać: 7, zawierzyć: 6

Formal variables Negation: Neg, Pos V_Pers: V1, V2, V3 [impersonal forms disregarded] V_Number: VSg, VPl Obj_Form: ObjNP, ObjClause, ObjPRO (w siebie) [intransitive and other PRO disregarded] Obj_Case: ACC, w+ACC IObjForm: IObjNP, IObjPRO IObjNum: IObjSg, IObjPl IObjPerson: IObj1, IObj2, IObj3

Semantic variables Obj_NP_Sem: ObjCONCR, ObjHUM, ObjABSTR Obj_Clause_Sem: ObjACCOM, ObjACH, ObjACT, ObjST, ObjHYPO, e.g. Uwierzyłaś, że wszystko jest twoją winą [You believed that everything was your fault], Niech się pan stara aby uwierzyła że będzie zdrowa [Do whatever you can to make her believe she will get better] IObjSem: IObjHUM, IObjABSTR, IObjCONCR Obj_Cog: Indiv, Soc, e.g. A ja mu uwierzyłem, że go zrujnowałem [And I believed him that I ruined him], Zdaje mi się, że uwierzyłem w duchy [It seems to me I have started to believe in ghosts] Disc_Function: Disc, Lex

Hypothesis 1

Indiv: dowierzać, uwierzyć, V2, VSg, e.g. Wydawało się, że ciągle nie dowierza własnemu szczęściu [It seemed he still couldnt believe his luck] Soc: zawierzać, zawierzyć, wierzyć, VPl, VSg, e.g. Wierzymy w dziennikarzy, ale w każdego z osobna [We believe in journalists, but in each of them separately]

Hypotheses 2 and 3

Hypothesis 2 and 3 Soc cognition: ACC NP Objects Indiv: Object that clauses

Hypothesis 4

Indiv: ObjHUM, IObj1 Soc: IObjABSTR, e.g. Nie, wy już i Bogu nie wierzycie [No, even God-DAT you do not believe any longer], Zawierzyli partii, a przestali wierzyć mnie [They started to believe the (political – AH) party-DAT, and stopped believing me]

Individual vs Social Cognition: Logistic Regression Analysis

Results Indiv (-): VSg, SemObjHUM, e.g., Od razu uwierzyłam w Felka i nowy ustrój [I believed in Felek and the new political system at once] Soc: ObjClauseSemHYPO, ObjClauseSemST, IObj3 e.g., Dzięki panu uwierzyłam, że Rosjan można kochać [Thanks to you I believed that its possible to love Russians]; Chyba pierwszy raz uwierzyłem, że świat jest piękny [I guess for the first time I believed that the world was beutiful]; Mało kto mu wierzy [Hardly anyone believes him]

Summary Only Hypothesis 1 has been partially confirmed with a statistically significant result: Individual cognition co-occurs more frequently with Sg Subjects Hypotheses 2 and 3: there is a correspondence, but no statistically significant result Unpredicted results: 5) HYPO and ST semantics of object clauses co- occur with Social Cognition 6) IObj3 co-occurs with Social Cognition

Further research Grammaticalization of Dative IObj into discourse markers as a reflection of attempts to communicate ones Individual Cognitive Experience to Other Minds and to change their Cognitive State Uwierz, że; uwierz w, e.g., Uwierz, że może być pozytywnym doświadczeniem [It can be a positive experience, believe it], Uwierz w nieskończoność [Believe in eternity] Uwierz mi, że, e.g. Uwierz mi, że kiedy ciebie nie ma, uwodzi twoich kumpli aż miło [Believe me (when I say) that when you are not here, she seduces your buddies all she wants] Uwierz mi (Disc), e.g. Mariola, uwierz mi, ja naprawdę nie robię niczego złego [Mariola, believe me, I am not doing anything wrong] Uwierz (Disc), e.g. Tak będzie lepiej, uwierz [It will be better that way, believe me]...pragmatic meanings come to be reanalyzed as semantic polysemies [Traugott – Dasher 2005: 1)