ETIOLOGIA UPOŚLEDZENIA UMYSŁOWEGO

ETIOLOGIA UPOŚLEDZENIA UMYSŁOWEGO
Opracowała: Monika Haligowska Textured and layered background (Intermediate) To reproduce the first background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Also on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Fill, point to Gradients, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. In the Angle box, enter 70°. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until four stops appear in the slider. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 19, Green: 52, and Blue: 61. In the Transparency box, enter 0%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 37%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 75, Green: 172, and Blue: 198. In the Position box, enter 73%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 49, Green: 133, and Blue: 156. Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. Click Align Center. To reproduce the second background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Brown Marble (third row). Clear the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Stretch options, in the Transparency box, enter 80%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter 12% in the Brightness box and 44% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Color in the left pane, in the Picture Color pane, under Recolor, click the button next to Presets, and then click Grayscale (first row). Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Glow Diffused (second row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 47%. In the Intensity box, enter 9. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. To reproduce the third background layer on this slide, do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Granite (third row). Select the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Tiling options, in the Transparency box, enter 95%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter -20% in the Brightness box and 100% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Photocopy (fifth row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 30%. In the Intensity box, enter 3. To reproduce the fourth background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. In the Type list, select Radial. In the Direction list, select From Center. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until two stops appear in the slider. Click the button next to Color, under Theme Colors, click Black, Text 1 (first row). In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 36, Green: 25, and Blue: 15. In the Transparency box, enter 50%.

Upośledzenie umysłowe jest złożonym stanem, a nie chorobą.
Jest wynikiem działania różnych czynników etiologicznych. Może też wynikać np. z różnych pod względem etiologii chorób, w których dochodzi do uszkodzenia OUN we wczesnej fazie życia. Textured and layered background (Intermediate) To reproduce the first background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Also on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Fill, point to Gradients, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. In the Angle box, enter 70°. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until four stops appear in the slider. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 19, Green: 52, and Blue: 61. In the Transparency box, enter 0%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 37%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 75, Green: 172, and Blue: 198. In the Position box, enter 73%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 49, Green: 133, and Blue: 156. Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. Click Align Center. To reproduce the second background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Brown Marble (third row). Clear the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Stretch options, in the Transparency box, enter 80%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter 12% in the Brightness box and 44% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Color in the left pane, in the Picture Color pane, under Recolor, click the button next to Presets, and then click Grayscale (first row). Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Glow Diffused (second row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 47%. In the Intensity box, enter 9. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. To reproduce the third background layer on this slide, do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Granite (third row). Select the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Tiling options, in the Transparency box, enter 95%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter -20% in the Brightness box and 100% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Photocopy (fifth row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 30%. In the Intensity box, enter 3. To reproduce the fourth background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. In the Type list, select Radial. In the Direction list, select From Center. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until two stops appear in the slider. Click the button next to Color, under Theme Colors, click Black, Text 1 (first row). In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 36, Green: 25, and Blue: 15. In the Transparency box, enter 50%.

Im wcześniej zadziała czynnik patogenny w procesie rozwoju
(w im wcześniejszym stadium rozwoju), tym uszkodzenie układu nerwowego jest bardziej rozległe. We wczesnej ontogenezie układ nerwowy płodu rozwija się bardzo dynamicznie, a te tkanki, które rozwijają się najintensywniej, są najbardziej wrażliwe na działanie czynników szkodliwych. Czynniki negatywne występujące w okresie prenatalnym (przedporodowym) częściej powodują upośledzenie umysłowe głębszego stopnia, a czynniki negatywne występujące w okresie postnatalnym (poporodowym) częściej wywołują upośledzenie umysłowe w stopniu lekkim. (Moser, 1985). Textured and layered background (Intermediate) To reproduce the first background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Also on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Fill, point to Gradients, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. In the Angle box, enter 70°. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until four stops appear in the slider. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 19, Green: 52, and Blue: 61. In the Transparency box, enter 0%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 37%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 75, Green: 172, and Blue: 198. In the Position box, enter 73%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 49, Green: 133, and Blue: 156. Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. Click Align Center. To reproduce the second background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Brown Marble (third row). Clear the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Stretch options, in the Transparency box, enter 80%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter 12% in the Brightness box and 44% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Color in the left pane, in the Picture Color pane, under Recolor, click the button next to Presets, and then click Grayscale (first row). Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Glow Diffused (second row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 47%. In the Intensity box, enter 9. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. To reproduce the third background layer on this slide, do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Granite (third row). Select the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Tiling options, in the Transparency box, enter 95%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter -20% in the Brightness box and 100% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Photocopy (fifth row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 30%. In the Intensity box, enter 3. To reproduce the fourth background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. In the Type list, select Radial. In the Direction list, select From Center. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until two stops appear in the slider. Click the button next to Color, under Theme Colors, click Black, Text 1 (first row). In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 36, Green: 25, and Blue: 15. In the Transparency box, enter 50%.

Podział czynników etiologicznych:
I – ze względu na charakter czynnika: czynniki dziedziczne, zakaźne, działania mechaniczne, zatrucia, konflikt serologiczny, urazy czaszki i mózgu, niewłaściwe odżywianie, działanie szkodliwych promieni (promieniowanie), choroby psychiczne; Textured and layered background (Intermediate) To reproduce the first background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Also on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Fill, point to Gradients, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. In the Angle box, enter 70°. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until four stops appear in the slider. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 19, Green: 52, and Blue: 61. In the Transparency box, enter 0%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 37%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 75, Green: 172, and Blue: 198. In the Position box, enter 73%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 49, Green: 133, and Blue: 156. Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. Click Align Center. To reproduce the second background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Brown Marble (third row). Clear the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Stretch options, in the Transparency box, enter 80%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter 12% in the Brightness box and 44% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Color in the left pane, in the Picture Color pane, under Recolor, click the button next to Presets, and then click Grayscale (first row). Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Glow Diffused (second row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 47%. In the Intensity box, enter 9. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. To reproduce the third background layer on this slide, do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Granite (third row). Select the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Tiling options, in the Transparency box, enter 95%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter -20% in the Brightness box and 100% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Photocopy (fifth row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 30%. In the Intensity box, enter 3. To reproduce the fourth background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. In the Type list, select Radial. In the Direction list, select From Center. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until two stops appear in the slider. Click the button next to Color, under Theme Colors, click Black, Text 1 (first row). In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 36, Green: 25, and Blue: 15. In the Transparency box, enter 50%.

II – ze względu na stopień wywołanego upośledzenia:
czynniki powodujące głębsze upośledzenie umysłowe, np. - nieprawidłowości genowe i chromosomowe, - infekcje bakteryjne i wirusowe, - zamartwica płodu, - bloki metaboliczne, - mechaniczne uszkodzenia mózgu, choroby zakaźne; czynniki powodujące lżejsze upośledzenie umysłowe: - uwarunkowania rodzinne, - uwarunkowania kulturowe, - uwarunkowania środowiskowe, - izolacja społeczna, lżejsze uszkodzenia ośrodkowego układu nerwowego, genetyczne – dziedziczne; Textured and layered background (Intermediate) To reproduce the first background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Also on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Fill, point to Gradients, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. In the Angle box, enter 70°. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until four stops appear in the slider. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 19, Green: 52, and Blue: 61. In the Transparency box, enter 0%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 37%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 75, Green: 172, and Blue: 198. In the Position box, enter 73%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 49, Green: 133, and Blue: 156. Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. Click Align Center. To reproduce the second background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Brown Marble (third row). Clear the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Stretch options, in the Transparency box, enter 80%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter 12% in the Brightness box and 44% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Color in the left pane, in the Picture Color pane, under Recolor, click the button next to Presets, and then click Grayscale (first row). Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Glow Diffused (second row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 47%. In the Intensity box, enter 9. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. To reproduce the third background layer on this slide, do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Granite (third row). Select the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Tiling options, in the Transparency box, enter 95%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter -20% in the Brightness box and 100% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Photocopy (fifth row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 30%. In the Intensity box, enter 3. To reproduce the fourth background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. In the Type list, select Radial. In the Direction list, select From Center. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until two stops appear in the slider. Click the button next to Color, under Theme Colors, click Black, Text 1 (first row). In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 36, Green: 25, and Blue: 15. In the Transparency box, enter 50%.

Wśród czynników genetycznych powodujących upośledzenie wyróżnia się:
a) nieprawidłowości genowe, b) nieprawidłowości chromosomowe (dotyczą liczby i morfologii chromosomów autosomalnych bądź płciowych; niedobór lub nadmiar materiału chromosomowego; zespół Downa – choroba wywołana anomaliami chromosomów autosomalnych- trisomia chromosomu 21); c) defekty metaboliczne. Textured and layered background (Intermediate) To reproduce the first background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Also on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Fill, point to Gradients, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. In the Angle box, enter 70°. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until four stops appear in the slider. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 19, Green: 52, and Blue: 61. In the Transparency box, enter 0%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 37%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 75, Green: 172, and Blue: 198. In the Position box, enter 73%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 49, Green: 133, and Blue: 156. Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. Click Align Center. To reproduce the second background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Brown Marble (third row). Clear the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Stretch options, in the Transparency box, enter 80%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter 12% in the Brightness box and 44% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Color in the left pane, in the Picture Color pane, under Recolor, click the button next to Presets, and then click Grayscale (first row). Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Glow Diffused (second row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 47%. In the Intensity box, enter 9. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. To reproduce the third background layer on this slide, do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Granite (third row). Select the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Tiling options, in the Transparency box, enter 95%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter -20% in the Brightness box and 100% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Photocopy (fifth row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 30%. In the Intensity box, enter 3. To reproduce the fourth background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. In the Type list, select Radial. In the Direction list, select From Center. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until two stops appear in the slider. Click the button next to Color, under Theme Colors, click Black, Text 1 (first row). In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 36, Green: 25, and Blue: 15. In the Transparency box, enter 50%.

III - ze względu na okres, w jakim czynnik zadziała:
przed urodzeniem dziecka, podczas porodu, po urodzeniu dziecka; IV – ze względu na wewnętrzne lub zewnętrzne pochodzenie czynnika: czynniki endogenne, czynniki egzogenne. Textured and layered background (Intermediate) To reproduce the first background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Also on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Fill, point to Gradients, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. In the Angle box, enter 70°. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until four stops appear in the slider. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 19, Green: 52, and Blue: 61. In the Transparency box, enter 0%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 37%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 75, Green: 172, and Blue: 198. In the Position box, enter 73%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 49, Green: 133, and Blue: 156. Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. Click Align Center. To reproduce the second background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Brown Marble (third row). Clear the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Stretch options, in the Transparency box, enter 80%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter 12% in the Brightness box and 44% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Color in the left pane, in the Picture Color pane, under Recolor, click the button next to Presets, and then click Grayscale (first row). Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Glow Diffused (second row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 47%. In the Intensity box, enter 9. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. To reproduce the third background layer on this slide, do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Granite (third row). Select the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Tiling options, in the Transparency box, enter 95%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter -20% in the Brightness box and 100% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Photocopy (fifth row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 30%. In the Intensity box, enter 3. To reproduce the fourth background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. In the Type list, select Radial. In the Direction list, select From Center. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until two stops appear in the slider. Click the button next to Color, under Theme Colors, click Black, Text 1 (first row). In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 36, Green: 25, and Blue: 15. In the Transparency box, enter 50%.

zwłaszcza w korze mózgowej.
Upośledzenie umysłowe spowodowane jest pewnymi organicznymi i funkcjonalnymi zmianami w mózgu, zwłaszcza w korze mózgowej. Przyczyny upośledzenia mogą mieć charakter pierwotny, bądź wtórny. Textured and layered background (Intermediate) To reproduce the first background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Also on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Fill, point to Gradients, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. In the Angle box, enter 70°. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until four stops appear in the slider. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 19, Green: 52, and Blue: 61. In the Transparency box, enter 0%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 37%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 75, Green: 172, and Blue: 198. In the Position box, enter 73%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 49, Green: 133, and Blue: 156. Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. Click Align Center. To reproduce the second background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Brown Marble (third row). Clear the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Stretch options, in the Transparency box, enter 80%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter 12% in the Brightness box and 44% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Color in the left pane, in the Picture Color pane, under Recolor, click the button next to Presets, and then click Grayscale (first row). Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Glow Diffused (second row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 47%. In the Intensity box, enter 9. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. To reproduce the third background layer on this slide, do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Granite (third row). Select the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Tiling options, in the Transparency box, enter 95%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter -20% in the Brightness box and 100% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Photocopy (fifth row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 30%. In the Intensity box, enter 3. To reproduce the fourth background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. In the Type list, select Radial. In the Direction list, select From Center. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until two stops appear in the slider. Click the button next to Color, under Theme Colors, click Black, Text 1 (first row). In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 36, Green: 25, and Blue: 15. In the Transparency box, enter 50%.

Jest to najczęstsza przyczyna upośledzenia.
Przyczyny pierwotne wywołane są przez czynniki genetyczne: nieprawidłowe lub uszkodzone geny i chromosomy, przekazywane przez rodziców, powodujące, że embrion i płód nie rozwijają się normalnie - w konsekwencji dziecko rodzi się upośledzone umysłowo; Jest to najczęstsza przyczyna upośledzenia. Textured and layered background (Intermediate) To reproduce the first background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Also on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Fill, point to Gradients, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. In the Angle box, enter 70°. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until four stops appear in the slider. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 19, Green: 52, and Blue: 61. In the Transparency box, enter 0%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 37%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 75, Green: 172, and Blue: 198. In the Position box, enter 73%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 49, Green: 133, and Blue: 156. Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. Click Align Center. To reproduce the second background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Brown Marble (third row). Clear the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Stretch options, in the Transparency box, enter 80%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter 12% in the Brightness box and 44% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Color in the left pane, in the Picture Color pane, under Recolor, click the button next to Presets, and then click Grayscale (first row). Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Glow Diffused (second row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 47%. In the Intensity box, enter 9. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. To reproduce the third background layer on this slide, do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Granite (third row). Select the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Tiling options, in the Transparency box, enter 95%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter -20% in the Brightness box and 100% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Photocopy (fifth row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 30%. In the Intensity box, enter 3. To reproduce the fourth background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. In the Type list, select Radial. In the Direction list, select From Center. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until two stops appear in the slider. Click the button next to Color, under Theme Colors, click Black, Text 1 (first row). In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 36, Green: 25, and Blue: 15. In the Transparency box, enter 50%.

recesywny, gdy oboje z rodziców są nosicielami chorobowego genu;
Czynnikami zmian w organizmie, które mogą wpływać na wytworzenie się upośledzenia umysłowego są: a) POSTACIE UPOŚLEDZENIA ZWIĄZANE Z NIEPRAWIDŁOWOŚCIAMI GENÓW to różne tzw. tryby dziedziczenia : dominujący, gdy jednostka otrzymuje gen chorobowy tylko od jednego z rodziców, recesywny, gdy oboje z rodziców są nosicielami chorobowego genu; Textured and layered background (Intermediate) To reproduce the first background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Also on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Fill, point to Gradients, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. In the Angle box, enter 70°. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until four stops appear in the slider. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 19, Green: 52, and Blue: 61. In the Transparency box, enter 0%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 37%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 75, Green: 172, and Blue: 198. In the Position box, enter 73%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 49, Green: 133, and Blue: 156. Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. Click Align Center. To reproduce the second background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Brown Marble (third row). Clear the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Stretch options, in the Transparency box, enter 80%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter 12% in the Brightness box and 44% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Color in the left pane, in the Picture Color pane, under Recolor, click the button next to Presets, and then click Grayscale (first row). Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Glow Diffused (second row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 47%. In the Intensity box, enter 9. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. To reproduce the third background layer on this slide, do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Granite (third row). Select the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Tiling options, in the Transparency box, enter 95%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter -20% in the Brightness box and 100% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Photocopy (fifth row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 30%. In the Intensity box, enter 3. To reproduce the fourth background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. In the Type list, select Radial. In the Direction list, select From Center. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until two stops appear in the slider. Click the button next to Color, under Theme Colors, click Black, Text 1 (first row). In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 36, Green: 25, and Blue: 15. In the Transparency box, enter 50%.

oraz są sprzężone z płcią X i Y.
b) ABBERACJE CHROMOSOMÓW, które należą do grupy powodującej uszkodzenie komórek rozrodczych (plemników i komórek jajowych), chromosomy te są nie sprzężone z płcią, tzw. autosomalne oraz są sprzężone z płcią X i Y. Aberracje mogą polegać na zwiększonej liczbie w poszczególnych parach chromosomów, albo na nietypowym ich kształcie. Do aberracji zwiększonej liczby chromosomów należy np.: Zespół Downa tzw. trisomia chromosomu 21 ( w którym zamiast 2 występują 3 chromosomy ). Znanych jest ponad 330 różnorodnych nieprawidłowości - mutacji genów recesywnych, które prowadzą do głębokich zaburzeń intelektualnych (Cavalli - Sforza & Bodmer, 1971). Uszkodzenia chromosomów w każdym okresie rozwoju - a w szczególności w okresie gdy kształtuje się mózg – mogą powodować upośledzenie umysłowe. Textured and layered background (Intermediate) To reproduce the first background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Also on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Fill, point to Gradients, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. In the Angle box, enter 70°. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until four stops appear in the slider. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 19, Green: 52, and Blue: 61. In the Transparency box, enter 0%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 37%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 75, Green: 172, and Blue: 198. In the Position box, enter 73%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 49, Green: 133, and Blue: 156. Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. Click Align Center. To reproduce the second background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Brown Marble (third row). Clear the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Stretch options, in the Transparency box, enter 80%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter 12% in the Brightness box and 44% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Color in the left pane, in the Picture Color pane, under Recolor, click the button next to Presets, and then click Grayscale (first row). Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Glow Diffused (second row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 47%. In the Intensity box, enter 9. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. To reproduce the third background layer on this slide, do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Granite (third row). Select the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Tiling options, in the Transparency box, enter 95%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter -20% in the Brightness box and 100% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Photocopy (fifth row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 30%. In the Intensity box, enter 3. To reproduce the fourth background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. In the Type list, select Radial. In the Direction list, select From Center. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until two stops appear in the slider. Click the button next to Color, under Theme Colors, click Black, Text 1 (first row). In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 36, Green: 25, and Blue: 15. In the Transparency box, enter 50%.

c) DEFEKTY METABOLICZNE
W anomaliach tego typu zachodzi brak danego enzymu, który jest niezbędny do pewnego typu reakcji chemicznej. Są one najczęściej uwarunkowane genetycznie. Wyróżniamy tu trzy anomalie: 1. w zakresie przemiany białkowej (np. fenyloketonuria ), 2. w zakresie przemiany tłuszczowej (np. choroby: gargolizm, mikrocefalia, hydrocefalia), 3. w zakresie przemiany cukru, i inne wciąż jeszcze wykrywane; Textured and layered background (Intermediate) To reproduce the first background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Also on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Fill, point to Gradients, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. In the Angle box, enter 70°. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until four stops appear in the slider. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 19, Green: 52, and Blue: 61. In the Transparency box, enter 0%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 37%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 75, Green: 172, and Blue: 198. In the Position box, enter 73%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 49, Green: 133, and Blue: 156. Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. Click Align Center. To reproduce the second background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Brown Marble (third row). Clear the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Stretch options, in the Transparency box, enter 80%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter 12% in the Brightness box and 44% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Color in the left pane, in the Picture Color pane, under Recolor, click the button next to Presets, and then click Grayscale (first row). Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Glow Diffused (second row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 47%. In the Intensity box, enter 9. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. To reproduce the third background layer on this slide, do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Granite (third row). Select the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Tiling options, in the Transparency box, enter 95%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter -20% in the Brightness box and 100% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Photocopy (fifth row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 30%. In the Intensity box, enter 3. To reproduce the fourth background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. In the Type list, select Radial. In the Direction list, select From Center. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until two stops appear in the slider. Click the button next to Color, under Theme Colors, click Black, Text 1 (first row). In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 36, Green: 25, and Blue: 15. In the Transparency box, enter 50%.

Wady rozwojowe są wynikiem zatrzymania
lub nieprawidłowego kształtowania się struktur mózgu. Jeśli wystąpią wtedy, gdy jest on już uformowany, zmiany te noszą nazwę mózgowego porażenia dziecięcego. d) ANATOMICZME ZMIANY MÓZGU : - zaniki płatowe, - dziurawość mózgu, - porowatość mózgu itd. i inne zaburzenia rozwojowe: - np. brak jąder komórkowych lub części mózgu Textured and layered background (Intermediate) To reproduce the first background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Also on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Fill, point to Gradients, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. In the Angle box, enter 70°. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until four stops appear in the slider. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 19, Green: 52, and Blue: 61. In the Transparency box, enter 0%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 37%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 75, Green: 172, and Blue: 198. In the Position box, enter 73%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 49, Green: 133, and Blue: 156. Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. Click Align Center. To reproduce the second background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Brown Marble (third row). Clear the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Stretch options, in the Transparency box, enter 80%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter 12% in the Brightness box and 44% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Color in the left pane, in the Picture Color pane, under Recolor, click the button next to Presets, and then click Grayscale (first row). Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Glow Diffused (second row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 47%. In the Intensity box, enter 9. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. To reproduce the third background layer on this slide, do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Granite (third row). Select the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Tiling options, in the Transparency box, enter 95%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter -20% in the Brightness box and 100% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Photocopy (fifth row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 30%. In the Intensity box, enter 3. To reproduce the fourth background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. In the Type list, select Radial. In the Direction list, select From Center. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until two stops appear in the slider. Click the button next to Color, under Theme Colors, click Black, Text 1 (first row). In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 36, Green: 25, and Blue: 15. In the Transparency box, enter 50%.

2).Wtórne przyczyny upośledzenia mają wpływ
na korę mózgową przed urodzeniem dziecka: leki przyjmowane przez matkę w czasie ciąży: środki nasenne, pobudzające, odurzające, co prowadzi do zmniejszenia ilości hormonu tarczycy we krwi - przebyte przez matkę choroby wirusowe: • w I kwartale ciąży: różyczka, odra, ospa wietrzna, półpasiec, świnka, • w późniejszym okresie: kiła wrodzona i inne, oraz in. choroby matki: układu krążenia, spowodowane organiczną wadą serca, nadciśnieniem lub podciśnieniem, choroby nerek lub wątroby, zaburzenia hormonalne u matki w czasie ciąży (matki chore na cukrzycę mogą urodzić dzieci z różnymi odchyleniami w rozwoju psychicznym); - zaburzenia wywołane konfliktem serologicznym; Textured and layered background (Intermediate) To reproduce the first background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Also on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Fill, point to Gradients, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. In the Angle box, enter 70°. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until four stops appear in the slider. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 19, Green: 52, and Blue: 61. In the Transparency box, enter 0%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 37%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 75, Green: 172, and Blue: 198. In the Position box, enter 73%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 49, Green: 133, and Blue: 156. Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. Click Align Center. To reproduce the second background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Brown Marble (third row). Clear the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Stretch options, in the Transparency box, enter 80%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter 12% in the Brightness box and 44% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Color in the left pane, in the Picture Color pane, under Recolor, click the button next to Presets, and then click Grayscale (first row). Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Glow Diffused (second row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 47%. In the Intensity box, enter 9. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. To reproduce the third background layer on this slide, do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Granite (third row). Select the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Tiling options, in the Transparency box, enter 95%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter -20% in the Brightness box and 100% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Photocopy (fifth row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 30%. In the Intensity box, enter 3. To reproduce the fourth background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. In the Type list, select Radial. In the Direction list, select From Center. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until two stops appear in the slider. Click the button next to Color, under Theme Colors, click Black, Text 1 (first row). In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 36, Green: 25, and Blue: 15. In the Transparency box, enter 50%.

przed urodzeniem dziecka – cd.
warunki fizyczne matki: niedożywienie, brak witamin, warunki psychoemocjonalne matki: • przeżycia ciężarnej, • niechętny stosunek do dziecka w tym okresie, • cięższe konflikty małżeńskie, • separacja, • rozwód, • alkoholizm i narkomania matki, • konflikty serologiczne, • uszkodzenia chemiczne, mechaniczne i radiacyjne, • niedostateczna działalność biologiczna bardzo młodych matek, • wyczerpanie sił matek starszych. Textured and layered background (Intermediate) To reproduce the first background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Also on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Fill, point to Gradients, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. In the Angle box, enter 70°. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until four stops appear in the slider. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 19, Green: 52, and Blue: 61. In the Transparency box, enter 0%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 37%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 75, Green: 172, and Blue: 198. In the Position box, enter 73%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 49, Green: 133, and Blue: 156. Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. Click Align Center. To reproduce the second background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Brown Marble (third row). Clear the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Stretch options, in the Transparency box, enter 80%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter 12% in the Brightness box and 44% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Color in the left pane, in the Picture Color pane, under Recolor, click the button next to Presets, and then click Grayscale (first row). Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Glow Diffused (second row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 47%. In the Intensity box, enter 9. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. To reproduce the third background layer on this slide, do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Granite (third row). Select the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Tiling options, in the Transparency box, enter 95%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter -20% in the Brightness box and 100% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Photocopy (fifth row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 30%. In the Intensity box, enter 3. To reproduce the fourth background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. In the Type list, select Radial. In the Direction list, select From Center. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until two stops appear in the slider. Click the button next to Color, under Theme Colors, click Black, Text 1 (first row). In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 36, Green: 25, and Blue: 15. In the Transparency box, enter 50%.

przed urodzeniem dziecka – cd.
- czynniki działające na płód, na zarodek – embriopatie: • embriopatie wirusowe ( różyczka, grypa, katar) • aktymiczne (promienie, Czarnobyl) • toksyczne ( zatrucie ciążowe, pokarmowe, lekami) • toksoplazmatyczne ( toksoplazmoza odzwierzęca) (warga zajęcza, małogłowie, podniebienie gotyckie) Textured and layered background (Intermediate) To reproduce the first background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Also on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Fill, point to Gradients, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. In the Angle box, enter 70°. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until four stops appear in the slider. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 19, Green: 52, and Blue: 61. In the Transparency box, enter 0%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 37%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 75, Green: 172, and Blue: 198. In the Position box, enter 73%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 49, Green: 133, and Blue: 156. Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. Click Align Center. To reproduce the second background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Brown Marble (third row). Clear the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Stretch options, in the Transparency box, enter 80%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter 12% in the Brightness box and 44% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Color in the left pane, in the Picture Color pane, under Recolor, click the button next to Presets, and then click Grayscale (first row). Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Glow Diffused (second row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 47%. In the Intensity box, enter 9. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. To reproduce the third background layer on this slide, do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Granite (third row). Select the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Tiling options, in the Transparency box, enter 95%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter -20% in the Brightness box and 100% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Photocopy (fifth row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 30%. In the Intensity box, enter 3. To reproduce the fourth background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. In the Type list, select Radial. In the Direction list, select From Center. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until two stops appear in the slider. Click the button next to Color, under Theme Colors, click Black, Text 1 (first row). In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 36, Green: 25, and Blue: 15. In the Transparency box, enter 50%.

b) w czasie porodu dziecka:
urazy związane z porodem, np. zgniecenie kleszczami czaszki noworodka (urazy mechaniczne), niedotlenienie przy zbyt długo trwającym porodzie, (w II fazie porodu) zamartwica – doprowadza do zaburzenia w krwioobiegu noworodka, wylew do opon mózgowych i mózgu dziecka, zbyt szybka zmiana ciśnienia przy zbyt szybkim porodzie; c) po urodzeniu dziecka: uszkodzenia infekcyjne układu nerwowego: • nagminne zapalenie opon mózgowych lub mózgu, których konsekwencją może być uszkodzenie kory mózgowej powodujące zahamowanie dalszego rozwoju umysłowego dziecka; - kora mózgowa może ulec uszkodzeniu na skutek urazów fizycznych, - ciężkie zaburzenia metabolizmu, - niekorzystne warunki psychospołecznego rozwoju dziecka. Textured and layered background (Intermediate) To reproduce the first background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Also on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Fill, point to Gradients, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. In the Angle box, enter 70°. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until four stops appear in the slider. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 19, Green: 52, and Blue: 61. In the Transparency box, enter 0%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 37%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 75, Green: 172, and Blue: 198. In the Position box, enter 73%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 49, Green: 133, and Blue: 156. Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. Click Align Center. To reproduce the second background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Brown Marble (third row). Clear the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Stretch options, in the Transparency box, enter 80%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter 12% in the Brightness box and 44% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Color in the left pane, in the Picture Color pane, under Recolor, click the button next to Presets, and then click Grayscale (first row). Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Glow Diffused (second row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 47%. In the Intensity box, enter 9. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. To reproduce the third background layer on this slide, do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Granite (third row). Select the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Tiling options, in the Transparency box, enter 95%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter -20% in the Brightness box and 100% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Photocopy (fifth row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 30%. In the Intensity box, enter 3. To reproduce the fourth background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. In the Type list, select Radial. In the Direction list, select From Center. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until two stops appear in the slider. Click the button next to Color, under Theme Colors, click Black, Text 1 (first row). In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 36, Green: 25, and Blue: 15. In the Transparency box, enter 50%.

Warunki sprzyjające powstawaniu negatywnych dla rozwoju dziecka czynników:
1. ubóstwo i koncentracja wysiłków rodziny na materialnym przetrwaniu, 2. rodziny wielodzietne, zwłaszcza pozbawione zaplecza rodziny rozszerzonej, 3. niewielki odstęp między urodzeniami, 4. przeludnienie mieszkań, 5. somatyczna lub psychiczna choroba u jednego lub obojga rodziców, 6. uzależnienia alkoholowe lub inne, 7. lekkie upośledzenie umysłowe występujące u rodziców lub innych dzieci, 8. niski poziom wykształcenia u rodziców, 9. życie w źle prowadzonych instytucjach opieki całkowitej. (Wyczesany) Textured and layered background (Intermediate) To reproduce the first background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Also on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Fill, point to Gradients, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. In the Angle box, enter 70°. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until four stops appear in the slider. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 19, Green: 52, and Blue: 61. In the Transparency box, enter 0%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 37%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 75, Green: 172, and Blue: 198. In the Position box, enter 73%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 49, Green: 133, and Blue: 156. Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. Click Align Center. To reproduce the second background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Brown Marble (third row). Clear the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Stretch options, in the Transparency box, enter 80%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter 12% in the Brightness box and 44% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Color in the left pane, in the Picture Color pane, under Recolor, click the button next to Presets, and then click Grayscale (first row). Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Glow Diffused (second row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 47%. In the Intensity box, enter 9. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. To reproduce the third background layer on this slide, do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Granite (third row). Select the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Tiling options, in the Transparency box, enter 95%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter -20% in the Brightness box and 100% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Photocopy (fifth row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 30%. In the Intensity box, enter 3. To reproduce the fourth background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. In the Type list, select Radial. In the Direction list, select From Center. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until two stops appear in the slider. Click the button next to Color, under Theme Colors, click Black, Text 1 (first row). In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 36, Green: 25, and Blue: 15. In the Transparency box, enter 50%.

Kryterium różniącym te dwie grupy jest czas ich powstawania.
Czynniki genetyczne, endogenne powstają w okresie przed zapłodnieniem, czynniki egzogenne – w okresie po urodzeniu dziecka. Często u tej samej osoby można wykryć współistnienie kilku czynników powodujących upośledzenie umysłowe. Wyróżnia się dwie grupy czynników etiologicznych: • genetyczne (endogenne), egzogenne. (Clark, 1977) Textured and layered background (Intermediate) To reproduce the first background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Also on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Fill, point to Gradients, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. In the Angle box, enter 70°. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until four stops appear in the slider. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 19, Green: 52, and Blue: 61. In the Transparency box, enter 0%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 37%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 75, Green: 172, and Blue: 198. In the Position box, enter 73%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 49, Green: 133, and Blue: 156. Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. Click Align Center. To reproduce the second background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Brown Marble (third row). Clear the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Stretch options, in the Transparency box, enter 80%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter 12% in the Brightness box and 44% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Color in the left pane, in the Picture Color pane, under Recolor, click the button next to Presets, and then click Grayscale (first row). Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Glow Diffused (second row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 47%. In the Intensity box, enter 9. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. To reproduce the third background layer on this slide, do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Granite (third row). Select the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Tiling options, in the Transparency box, enter 95%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter -20% in the Brightness box and 100% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Photocopy (fifth row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 30%. In the Intensity box, enter 3. To reproduce the fourth background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. In the Type list, select Radial. In the Direction list, select From Center. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until two stops appear in the slider. Click the button next to Color, under Theme Colors, click Black, Text 1 (first row). In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 36, Green: 25, and Blue: 15. In the Transparency box, enter 50%.

zespoły spowodowane przez nieprawidłowości genowe,np.:
• Czynniki genetyczne (endogenne), postacie upośledzenia umysłowego uwarunkowane genetycznie: Postacie kliniczne upośledzenia umysłowego spowodowane na poziomie nieprawidłowości genowych dotyczą zaburzeń struktury ośrodkowego układu nerwowego. zespoły spowodowane przez nieprawidłowości genowe,np.: - stwardnienie guzowate, fenyloketonuria, zwyrodnienie mózgowo-plamkowe, maszkaronizm, matołectwo i in. aberracje chromosomalne, np.: zespół Downa - trisomia chromosomu 21, zespół Turnera, zespół Klinefeltera, zespół kociego krzyku, zespół Pataua - trisomia chromosomu 13 i in. Textured and layered background (Intermediate) To reproduce the first background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Also on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Fill, point to Gradients, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. In the Angle box, enter 70°. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until four stops appear in the slider. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 19, Green: 52, and Blue: 61. In the Transparency box, enter 0%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 37%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 75, Green: 172, and Blue: 198. In the Position box, enter 73%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 49, Green: 133, and Blue: 156. Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. Click Align Center. To reproduce the second background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Brown Marble (third row). Clear the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Stretch options, in the Transparency box, enter 80%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter 12% in the Brightness box and 44% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Color in the left pane, in the Picture Color pane, under Recolor, click the button next to Presets, and then click Grayscale (first row). Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Glow Diffused (second row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 47%. In the Intensity box, enter 9. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. To reproduce the third background layer on this slide, do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Granite (third row). Select the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Tiling options, in the Transparency box, enter 95%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter -20% in the Brightness box and 100% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Photocopy (fifth row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 30%. In the Intensity box, enter 3. To reproduce the fourth background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. In the Type list, select Radial. In the Direction list, select From Center. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until two stops appear in the slider. Click the button next to Color, under Theme Colors, click Black, Text 1 (first row). In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 36, Green: 25, and Blue: 15. In the Transparency box, enter 50%.

• Czynnik egzogenne (por. Kościelak, 1989)
zespoły kliniczne będące następstwem zadziałania czynników egzogennych mogą być wywołane różnymi przyczynami: - infekcje (zapalenie opon mózgowych) - zatrucia, - urazy (np. komplikacje przy porodzie), które uszkadzają OUN dziecka w okresie jego rozwoju płodowego, w okresie okołoporodowym lub po urodzeniu (Wald, w: Kirejczyk, 1981, Kościelak, 1989); - przyczyny środowiskowe, społeczne, np. czynniki rodzinne. Textured and layered background (Intermediate) To reproduce the first background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Also on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Fill, point to Gradients, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. In the Angle box, enter 70°. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until four stops appear in the slider. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 19, Green: 52, and Blue: 61. In the Transparency box, enter 0%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 37%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 75, Green: 172, and Blue: 198. In the Position box, enter 73%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 49, Green: 133, and Blue: 156. Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. Click Align Center. To reproduce the second background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Brown Marble (third row). Clear the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Stretch options, in the Transparency box, enter 80%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter 12% in the Brightness box and 44% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Color in the left pane, in the Picture Color pane, under Recolor, click the button next to Presets, and then click Grayscale (first row). Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Glow Diffused (second row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 47%. In the Intensity box, enter 9. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. To reproduce the third background layer on this slide, do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Granite (third row). Select the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Tiling options, in the Transparency box, enter 95%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter -20% in the Brightness box and 100% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Photocopy (fifth row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 30%. In the Intensity box, enter 3. To reproduce the fourth background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. In the Type list, select Radial. In the Direction list, select From Center. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until two stops appear in the slider. Click the button next to Color, under Theme Colors, click Black, Text 1 (first row). In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 36, Green: 25, and Blue: 15. In the Transparency box, enter 50%.

H. Spionek dokonała podziału czynników uszkadzających
na następujące grupy wpływów z uwagi na czas ich powstawania: • komórkę rozrodczą: przewlekły alkoholizm lub upojenie alkoholowe w chwili poczęcia; • zarodek i płód: embriopatie wirusowe, toksoplazmoza wrodzona, zakażenie płodu, embriopatie aktyniczne, embriopatie toksyczne, awitaminozy i niedożywienie organizmu matki w czasie ciąży, a tym samym płodu, anemizację płodu; • dziecko w chwili porodu: bezpośrednie urazy czaszki, wylewy śródczaszkowe spowodowane urazem, zaburzenie w krążeniu płodowym w chwili porodu; • dziecko po urodzeniu: narażone jest na infekcje, urazy, zaburzenia przemiany materii oraz schorzenia somatyczne. Textured and layered background (Intermediate) To reproduce the first background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Also on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Fill, point to Gradients, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. In the Angle box, enter 70°. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until four stops appear in the slider. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 19, Green: 52, and Blue: 61. In the Transparency box, enter 0%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 37%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 75, Green: 172, and Blue: 198. In the Position box, enter 73%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 49, Green: 133, and Blue: 156. Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. Click Align Center. To reproduce the second background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Brown Marble (third row). Clear the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Stretch options, in the Transparency box, enter 80%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter 12% in the Brightness box and 44% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Color in the left pane, in the Picture Color pane, under Recolor, click the button next to Presets, and then click Grayscale (first row). Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Glow Diffused (second row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 47%. In the Intensity box, enter 9. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. To reproduce the third background layer on this slide, do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Granite (third row). Select the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Tiling options, in the Transparency box, enter 95%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter -20% in the Brightness box and 100% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Photocopy (fifth row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 30%. In the Intensity box, enter 3. To reproduce the fourth background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. In the Type list, select Radial. In the Direction list, select From Center. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until two stops appear in the slider. Click the button next to Color, under Theme Colors, click Black, Text 1 (first row). In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 36, Green: 25, and Blue: 15. In the Transparency box, enter 50%.

Kościelska wyróżnia stadium wstępne oraz trzy fazy
M. Kościelska (1991) przyjmuje tezę, że upośledzenie umysłowe jest niepowodzeniem rozwojowym, stanem względnie trwałym, powstałym na skutek nieprawidłowo przebiegającego rozwoju, osobowości. Kościelska wyróżnia stadium wstępne oraz trzy fazy w procesie dochodzenia do upośledzenia umysłowego. Stadium wstępne dotyczy okresu przed poczęciem dziecka, na które składa się zespół czynników biologicznych, psychologicznych oraz społecznych, które wiążą się z osobami przyszłych rodziców, jak również z właściwościami środowiska, które źle rokują z punktu widzenia rozwoju dziecka. Textured and layered background (Intermediate) To reproduce the first background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Also on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Fill, point to Gradients, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. In the Angle box, enter 70°. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until four stops appear in the slider. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 19, Green: 52, and Blue: 61. In the Transparency box, enter 0%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 37%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 75, Green: 172, and Blue: 198. In the Position box, enter 73%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 49, Green: 133, and Blue: 156. Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. Click Align Center. To reproduce the second background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Brown Marble (third row). Clear the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Stretch options, in the Transparency box, enter 80%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter 12% in the Brightness box and 44% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Color in the left pane, in the Picture Color pane, under Recolor, click the button next to Presets, and then click Grayscale (first row). Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Glow Diffused (second row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 47%. In the Intensity box, enter 9. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. To reproduce the third background layer on this slide, do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Granite (third row). Select the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Tiling options, in the Transparency box, enter 95%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter -20% in the Brightness box and 100% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Photocopy (fifth row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 30%. In the Intensity box, enter 3. To reproduce the fourth background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. In the Type list, select Radial. In the Direction list, select From Center. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until two stops appear in the slider. Click the button next to Color, under Theme Colors, click Black, Text 1 (first row). In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 36, Green: 25, and Blue: 15. In the Transparency box, enter 50%.

• zaistnienie bezpośrednich zagrożeń dla rozwoju dziecka
Faza 1: • zaistnienie bezpośrednich zagrożeń dla rozwoju dziecka o charakterze biologicznym, psychologicznym czy społecznym, działających w czasie życia płodowego lub po urodzeniu dziecka; • reakcje psychofizyczne dziecka i jego otoczenia skierowane na przezwyciężenie skutków uszkodzenia; skuteczne przezwyciężenie tego uszkodzenia otwiera szansę na prawidłowy rozwój i pomyślne zakończenie fazy 1; Jeśli uszkodzenie nie zostanie przezwyciężone, wtedy dochodzi do fazy 2. W fazie l konieczna jest szeroko zakrojona wczesna interwencja, polegająca na eliminacji szkodliwych czynników rozwoju dziecka, poczynając od pracy oddziałów dla noworodków, a kończąc na wspomaganiu rodzin w wychowaniu i rehabilitacji „dziecka ryzyka". Textured and layered background (Intermediate) To reproduce the first background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Also on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Fill, point to Gradients, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. In the Angle box, enter 70°. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until four stops appear in the slider. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 19, Green: 52, and Blue: 61. In the Transparency box, enter 0%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 37%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 75, Green: 172, and Blue: 198. In the Position box, enter 73%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 49, Green: 133, and Blue: 156. Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. Click Align Center. To reproduce the second background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Brown Marble (third row). Clear the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Stretch options, in the Transparency box, enter 80%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter 12% in the Brightness box and 44% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Color in the left pane, in the Picture Color pane, under Recolor, click the button next to Presets, and then click Grayscale (first row). Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Glow Diffused (second row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 47%. In the Intensity box, enter 9. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. To reproduce the third background layer on this slide, do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Granite (third row). Select the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Tiling options, in the Transparency box, enter 95%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter -20% in the Brightness box and 100% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Photocopy (fifth row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 30%. In the Intensity box, enter 3. To reproduce the fourth background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. In the Type list, select Radial. In the Direction list, select From Center. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until two stops appear in the slider. Click the button next to Color, under Theme Colors, click Black, Text 1 (first row). In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 36, Green: 25, and Blue: 15. In the Transparency box, enter 50%.

• okres patologizacji rozwoju, który polega „na tworzeniu
Faza 2: • okres patologizacji rozwoju, który polega „na tworzeniu się ciągu niekorzystnych (destrukcyjnych) związków między funkcjonowaniem biologicznym i psychicznym ustroju, między funkcjami psychicznymi (organizacja osobowości), między dzieckiem i otoczeniem; • w tej fazie widoczne jest opóźnienie tempa rozwoju i objawy psychopatologiczne dziecka oraz widoczne zaburzenia w funkcjonowaniu rodziny"; (Kościelska, 1991, s. 47) • konieczne jest podjęcie specjalistycznej interwencji terapeutycznej, skierowanej na zahamowanie procesu patologizacji rozwoju. Odpowiednią pomocą powinni objęci zostać zarówno dziecko, jak i rodzice. Textured and layered background (Intermediate) To reproduce the first background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Also on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Fill, point to Gradients, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. In the Angle box, enter 70°. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until four stops appear in the slider. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 19, Green: 52, and Blue: 61. In the Transparency box, enter 0%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 37%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 75, Green: 172, and Blue: 198. In the Position box, enter 73%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 49, Green: 133, and Blue: 156. Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. Click Align Center. To reproduce the second background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Brown Marble (third row). Clear the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Stretch options, in the Transparency box, enter 80%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter 12% in the Brightness box and 44% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Color in the left pane, in the Picture Color pane, under Recolor, click the button next to Presets, and then click Grayscale (first row). Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Glow Diffused (second row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 47%. In the Intensity box, enter 9. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. To reproduce the third background layer on this slide, do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Granite (third row). Select the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Tiling options, in the Transparency box, enter 95%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter -20% in the Brightness box and 100% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Photocopy (fifth row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 30%. In the Intensity box, enter 3. To reproduce the fourth background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. In the Type list, select Radial. In the Direction list, select From Center. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until two stops appear in the slider. Click the button next to Color, under Theme Colors, click Black, Text 1 (first row). In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 36, Green: 25, and Blue: 15. In the Transparency box, enter 50%.

• istotą tej fazy jest strukturalizacja defektu; powstają
Faza 3: • istotą tej fazy jest strukturalizacja defektu; powstają układy biologiczne, psychiczne i społeczne, które podtrzymują patologię funkcjonowania osoby z upośledzeniem umysłowym; • Faza 3 nie daje szans na „wyleczenie" z upośledzenia, lecz wymaga zaakceptowania osób z upośledzeniem umysłowym, pomocy terapeutycznej polegającej na stworzeniu odpowiednich warunków życia i rozwoju tym osobom. Textured and layered background (Intermediate) To reproduce the first background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Also on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Fill, point to Gradients, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. In the Angle box, enter 70°. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until four stops appear in the slider. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 19, Green: 52, and Blue: 61. In the Transparency box, enter 0%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 37%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 75, Green: 172, and Blue: 198. In the Position box, enter 73%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 49, Green: 133, and Blue: 156. Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. Click Align Center. To reproduce the second background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Brown Marble (third row). Clear the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Stretch options, in the Transparency box, enter 80%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter 12% in the Brightness box and 44% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Color in the left pane, in the Picture Color pane, under Recolor, click the button next to Presets, and then click Grayscale (first row). Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Glow Diffused (second row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 47%. In the Intensity box, enter 9. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. To reproduce the third background layer on this slide, do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Granite (third row). Select the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Tiling options, in the Transparency box, enter 95%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter -20% in the Brightness box and 100% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Photocopy (fifth row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 30%. In the Intensity box, enter 3. To reproduce the fourth background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. In the Type list, select Radial. In the Direction list, select From Center. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until two stops appear in the slider. Click the button next to Color, under Theme Colors, click Black, Text 1 (first row). In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 36, Green: 25, and Blue: 15. In the Transparency box, enter 50%.

ZABURZENIA ROZWOJU ZWIĄZANE Z NIEPEŁNOSPRAWNOŚCIĄ UMYSŁOWĄ
Zaburzenia uwarunkowane genetycznie: • Zespół Downa • Zespół Angelmana • Zespół Jacobsena • Zespół kociego krzyku – Cri du Chat • Zespół Pataua • Zespół łamliwego chromosomu X • Stwardnienie guzowate Textured and layered background (Intermediate) To reproduce the first background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Also on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Fill, point to Gradients, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. In the Angle box, enter 70°. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until four stops appear in the slider. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 19, Green: 52, and Blue: 61. In the Transparency box, enter 0%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 37%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 75, Green: 172, and Blue: 198. In the Position box, enter 73%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 49, Green: 133, and Blue: 156. Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. Click Align Center. To reproduce the second background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Brown Marble (third row). Clear the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Stretch options, in the Transparency box, enter 80%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter 12% in the Brightness box and 44% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Color in the left pane, in the Picture Color pane, under Recolor, click the button next to Presets, and then click Grayscale (first row). Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Glow Diffused (second row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 47%. In the Intensity box, enter 9. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. To reproduce the third background layer on this slide, do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Granite (third row). Select the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Tiling options, in the Transparency box, enter 95%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter -20% in the Brightness box and 100% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Photocopy (fifth row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 30%. In the Intensity box, enter 3. To reproduce the fourth background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. In the Type list, select Radial. In the Direction list, select From Center. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until two stops appear in the slider. Click the button next to Color, under Theme Colors, click Black, Text 1 (first row). In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 36, Green: 25, and Blue: 15. In the Transparency box, enter 50%.

Całościowe zaburzenia rozwoju:
• Autyzm dziecięcy • Zespół Retta • Dziecięce zaburzenia dezintegracyjne • Zaburzenie hiperkinetyczne z towarzyszącym upośledzeniem umysłowym i ruchami stereotypowymi Zaburzenia neurologiczne: • padaczki • mózgowe porażenie dziecięce • wady wrodzone mózgu • stany po urazach czaszkowo-mózgowych • stany po infekcyjnych chorobach centralnego układy nerwowego • brak zakrętów kory mózgu • wady wrodzone rdzenia kręgowego Textured and layered background (Intermediate) To reproduce the first background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Also on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Fill, point to Gradients, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. In the Angle box, enter 70°. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until four stops appear in the slider. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 19, Green: 52, and Blue: 61. In the Transparency box, enter 0%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 37%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 75, Green: 172, and Blue: 198. In the Position box, enter 73%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 49, Green: 133, and Blue: 156. Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. Click Align Center. To reproduce the second background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Brown Marble (third row). Clear the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Stretch options, in the Transparency box, enter 80%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter 12% in the Brightness box and 44% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Color in the left pane, in the Picture Color pane, under Recolor, click the button next to Presets, and then click Grayscale (first row). Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Glow Diffused (second row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 47%. In the Intensity box, enter 9. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. To reproduce the third background layer on this slide, do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Granite (third row). Select the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Tiling options, in the Transparency box, enter 95%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter -20% in the Brightness box and 100% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Photocopy (fifth row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 30%. In the Intensity box, enter 3. To reproduce the fourth background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. In the Type list, select Radial. In the Direction list, select From Center. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until two stops appear in the slider. Click the button next to Color, under Theme Colors, click Black, Text 1 (first row). In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 36, Green: 25, and Blue: 15. In the Transparency box, enter 50%.

Stany po infekcjach okresu prenatalnego:
• Embrionopatia poróżyczkowa • Wrodzone zakażenie wirusem cytomegalii • Objawowa toksoplazmoza wrodzona Choroby metaboliczne: • Fenyloketonuria • Galaktozemia • Mukopolisacharydoza • Choroba Niemanna – Picka • Zespół Taya – Sachsa Inne: • Zespół Fas – Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (alkoholowy zespół płodowy) • Zaniedbania środowiskowe Textured and layered background (Intermediate) To reproduce the first background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Also on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Fill, point to Gradients, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. In the Angle box, enter 70°. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until four stops appear in the slider. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 19, Green: 52, and Blue: 61. In the Transparency box, enter 0%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 37%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 75, Green: 172, and Blue: 198. In the Position box, enter 73%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 49, Green: 133, and Blue: 156. Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. Click Align Center. To reproduce the second background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Brown Marble (third row). Clear the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Stretch options, in the Transparency box, enter 80%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter 12% in the Brightness box and 44% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Color in the left pane, in the Picture Color pane, under Recolor, click the button next to Presets, and then click Grayscale (first row). Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Glow Diffused (second row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 47%. In the Intensity box, enter 9. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. To reproduce the third background layer on this slide, do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Granite (third row). Select the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Tiling options, in the Transparency box, enter 95%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter -20% in the Brightness box and 100% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Photocopy (fifth row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 30%. In the Intensity box, enter 3. To reproduce the fourth background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. In the Type list, select Radial. In the Direction list, select From Center. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until two stops appear in the slider. Click the button next to Color, under Theme Colors, click Black, Text 1 (first row). In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 36, Green: 25, and Blue: 15. In the Transparency box, enter 50%.

CHARAKTERYSTYKA WYBRANYCH ZESPOŁÓW KLINICZNYCH,
W PRZEBIEGU KTÓRYCH WYSTĘPUJĄ UPOŚLEDZENIA UMYSŁOWE. • ZESPÓŁ WESTA - należy do encefalopatii padaczkowych; - klinicznie wyróżnia się dwa typy tego zespołu - o lekkim oraz ciężkim przebiegu; opóźnienie rozwoju ruchowego i umysłowego oraz inne deficyty poznawcze występują u około % dzieci z zespołem Westa o wczesnym ujawnieniu się napadów – przed 2 r.ż; u 25% diagnozowane jest mózgowe porażenie dziecięce napady i podkliniczne wyładowania powodują postępujące zaburzenia funkcji mózgu; dysfunkcje mózgowe dotyczą funkcji poznawczych, emocji, jak i zgeneralizowanej funkcji mózgu – inteligencji; przebieg oraz skutki choroby utrudniają realizację zadań rozwojowych, a także adaptację do środowiska społecznego; • ZESPÓŁ DOWNA: wywołany abberacjami chromosomalnymi, związany z nadmiarem materiału chromosomowego 75% upośledzenie umysłowe umiarkowanie i znaczne, ok. 20% głębokie, 5% lekkie; Textured and layered background (Intermediate) To reproduce the first background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Also on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Fill, point to Gradients, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. In the Angle box, enter 70°. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until four stops appear in the slider. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 19, Green: 52, and Blue: 61. In the Transparency box, enter 0%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 37%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 75, Green: 172, and Blue: 198. In the Position box, enter 73%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 49, Green: 133, and Blue: 156. Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. Click Align Center. To reproduce the second background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Brown Marble (third row). Clear the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Stretch options, in the Transparency box, enter 80%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter 12% in the Brightness box and 44% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Color in the left pane, in the Picture Color pane, under Recolor, click the button next to Presets, and then click Grayscale (first row). Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Glow Diffused (second row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 47%. In the Intensity box, enter 9. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. To reproduce the third background layer on this slide, do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Granite (third row). Select the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Tiling options, in the Transparency box, enter 95%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter -20% in the Brightness box and 100% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Photocopy (fifth row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 30%. In the Intensity box, enter 3. To reproduce the fourth background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. In the Type list, select Radial. In the Direction list, select From Center. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until two stops appear in the slider. Click the button next to Color, under Theme Colors, click Black, Text 1 (first row). In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 36, Green: 25, and Blue: 15. In the Transparency box, enter 50%.

ZESPÓŁ RETTA, czyli Świat Milczących Aniołów
• ZESPÓŁ EDWARDSA: - nadliczbowy 18 chromosom, upośledzenia umysłowe różnego stopnia, częściej znacznego; • ZESPÓŁ TURNERA: tylko jeden chromosom X, nie wykształcają się cechy płciowe; upośledzenie umysłowe różnego stopnia, ale nie zawsze; ZESPÓŁ RETTA, czyli Świat Milczących Aniołów - choroba genetyczna ; - częściej występuje u dziewczynek; wiąże się z upośledzeniem rozwoju intelektualnego, motorycznego, m.in.: utrata mowy przez dziecko – przestaje wypowiadać wcześniej znane słowa i sylaby; zaburzenia czynności poznawczych (myślenia, pamięci, uczenia się, percepcji (odbiór i przetwarzanie bodźców zmysłowych), ekspresji (gesty, mimika, mowa); deficyty w samoobsłudze i poruszaniu się; - objawy pojawiają się po okresie prawidłowego rozwoju; Textured and layered background (Intermediate) To reproduce the first background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Also on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Fill, point to Gradients, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. In the Angle box, enter 70°. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until four stops appear in the slider. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 19, Green: 52, and Blue: 61. In the Transparency box, enter 0%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 37%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 75, Green: 172, and Blue: 198. In the Position box, enter 73%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 49, Green: 133, and Blue: 156. Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. Click Align Center. To reproduce the second background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Brown Marble (third row). Clear the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Stretch options, in the Transparency box, enter 80%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter 12% in the Brightness box and 44% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Color in the left pane, in the Picture Color pane, under Recolor, click the button next to Presets, and then click Grayscale (first row). Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Glow Diffused (second row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 47%. In the Intensity box, enter 9. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. To reproduce the third background layer on this slide, do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Granite (third row). Select the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Tiling options, in the Transparency box, enter 95%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter -20% in the Brightness box and 100% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Photocopy (fifth row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 30%. In the Intensity box, enter 3. To reproduce the fourth background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. In the Type list, select Radial. In the Direction list, select From Center. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until two stops appear in the slider. Click the button next to Color, under Theme Colors, click Black, Text 1 (first row). In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 36, Green: 25, and Blue: 15. In the Transparency box, enter 50%.

• AUTYZM WCZESNODZIECIĘCY:
- zaburzenie rozwojowe, ma wpływ na rozwój mózgu w sferach rozumowania, kontaktów społecznych i porozumiewania się; jest trzecim najczęściej spotykanym upośledzeniem rozwojowym (częstszym niż zespół Downa); istnieją przypadki z głębokim niedorozwojem umysłowym oraz przypadki z bardzo wysokim intelektem, któremu towarzyszą sfery znacznych zaburzeń skojarzone ze sferami pozostającymi w normie lub nawet z nadmiernie rozwiniętą pamięcią mechaniczną, umiejętnościami liczenia lub zdolnościami muzycznymi; niektóre mówiące osoby z autyzmem mogą prowadzić samodzielne życie; MÓZGOWE PORAŻENIE DZIECIĘCE: ok. 95% osób chorych na mózgowe porażenie dziecięce ma problemy z nauką przedmiotów ścisłych np. matematyką i fizyką; dzieje się tak dlatego, ponieważ osoby chorujące na tę chorobę mają uszkodzone części mózgu odpowiedzialne za ruch i wyobraźnię przestrzenną. W szczególności ten problem dotyczy osób z tzw. lewostronnym mózgowym porażeniem dziecięcym. upośledzenie umysłowe: ok.75%- przede wszystkim w postaciach spastycznych i hipotonicznych, najmniej w postaci dyskinetycznej; Textured and layered background (Intermediate) To reproduce the first background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Slides group, click Layout, and then click Blank. Also on the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. On the slide, drag to draw a rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click Shape Fill, point to Gradients, and then click More Gradients. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, click Gradient fill, and then do the following: In the Type list, select Linear. In the Angle box, enter 70°. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until four stops appear in the slider. Also under Gradient stops, customize the gradient stops as follows: Select the first stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 0%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 19, Green: 52, and Blue: 61. In the Transparency box, enter 0%. Select the next stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 37%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 75, Green: 172, and Blue: 198. In the Position box, enter 73%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 49, Green: 133, and Blue: 156. Select the last stop in the slider, and then do the following: In the Position box, enter 100%. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Shape dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Arrange, point to Align, and then do the following: Click Align to Slide. Click Align Middle. Click Align Center. To reproduce the second background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles click Rectangle. Select the rectangle. Under Drawing Tools, on the Format tab, in the Shape Styles group, click the Format Shape dialog box launcher. In the Format Shape dialog box, click Fill in the left pane, in the Fill pane, select Picture or texture fill, and then do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Brown Marble (third row). Clear the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Stretch options, in the Transparency box, enter 80%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Line Color in the left pane, in the Line Color pane, select No line. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter 12% in the Brightness box and 44% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Color in the left pane, in the Picture Color pane, under Recolor, click the button next to Presets, and then click Grayscale (first row). Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Glow Diffused (second row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 47%. In the Intensity box, enter 9. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Size in the left pane, in the Size pane, under Size and rotate, enter 7.5” in the Height box and 10” in the Width box. To reproduce the third background layer on this slide, do the following: Click the button next to Texture and then click Granite (third row). Select the “Tile picture as texture” check box. Under Tiling options, in the Transparency box, enter 95%. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Picture Corrections in the left pane, in the Picture Corrections pane, under Brightness and Contrast, enter -20% in the Brightness box and 100% in the Contrast box. Also in the Format Picture dialog box, click Artistic Effects in the left pane, in the Artistic Effects pane, click the button next to Artistic Effect, click Photocopy (fifth row), and then do the following: In the Transparency box, enter 30%. In the Intensity box, enter 3. To reproduce the fourth background layer on this slide, do the following: On the Home tab, in the Drawing group, click Shapes, and then under Rectangles, click Rectangle. In the Type list, select Radial. In the Direction list, select From Center. Under Gradient stops, click Add gradient stop or Remove gradient stop until two stops appear in the slider. Click the button next to Color, under Theme Colors, click Black, Text 1 (first row). In the Transparency box, enter 100%. Click the button next to Color, click More Colors, and then in the Colors dialog box, on the Custom tab, enter values for Red: 36, Green: 25, and Blue: 15. In the Transparency box, enter 50%.

ETIOLOGIA UPOŚLEDZENIA UMYSŁOWEGO

Podobne prezentacje

Prezentacja na temat: "ETIOLOGIA UPOŚLEDZENIA UMYSŁOWEGO"— Zapis prezentacji:

Podobne prezentacje

О projekcie

Zwrotny adres

Wejść

Zaloguj się poprzez sieć społeczną:

ETIOLOGIA UPOŚLEDZENIA UMYSŁOWEGO

Podobne prezentacje

Prezentacja na temat: "ETIOLOGIA UPOŚLEDZENIA UMYSŁOWEGO"— Zapis prezentacji:

Podobne prezentacje

О projekcie

Zwrotny adres