Information Technologies

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1 Information Technologies
Cognitive Science Year I, Sem. I, Lectures (30 h.) prof. dr. Piotr Giza kognitywistyka.umcs.lublin.pl

2 General information about the subject
sem I: 30 lectures + 30 labs Teaching language: English Assessment: Final written exam + practical lab. test Lectures: dr hab. Piotr Giza Labs: dr hab. Piotr Giza, dr hab. Marcin Wolski Learning outcomes – the syllabus: Knowledge Skills Attitude

3 Twentieth century: advent of contemporary programmable computers
Short history of calculating machines: from abacus to a digital computer Mechanical arithmometers Electric and electronic arithmometers Some pictures... Twentieth century: advent of contemporary programmable computers Automation: the concept of the algorithm Analog and digital machines Technological breakthrough: lamps, transistors, integrated circuits... Software breakthrough: UNIX operating system

4 Computer system scheme

5 Free software: operating systems, utility programs, tools...
Operating systems: Linux Office: Libre Office, Calligra, Latex, Lyx Graphics: GIMP, Inkscape, Okular, Gscan2pdf, GimageReader. BTW: look at the mobile app ScanWritr Internet: Mozilla (Firefox, Thunderbird, Sunbird), Evolution Cryptography: GnuPG, TrueCrypt Multimedia: Mplayer, VLC, K3b, Acetoneiso, Avidemux, Kdenlive, Audacity Tools: Gparted, Wireshark What is still missing?... advanced games for free, Alcohol (120%), Fine Reader... Now, on the following slides, some basic information about selected software, helpful for our labs, then we will come back to the previous slide and discuss operating systems and hardware in some detail.

6 Elements of text editing and formatting [4, 5, 6]
Basic concepts: editing and formatting text File formats Basic editing operations Basic components of a document: character, paragraph, page Styles and templates Elementary formatting errors and how to avoid them: (example: bad.odt file) Formatting and processing text: (example: exercises.pdf file) Dialog windows: character, paragraph, page and their important options Columns, tables, and sections Inserting manual marks, fields, special characters, and formatting marks Graphics, charts, and fontwork Spelling and automatic spell checking; auto-replacement

7 Elements of text editing and formatting
Creating “scientific” publications: semester works, master's theses… (example: BA thesis) Styles and formatting: title, headings, text body, citations... Inserting multilevel numbers in headings: outline numbering dialog Modifying Text Body style: automatic first line indent and widows-orphans protection The “anglo-saxon” (APA) style of references, footnotes, and bibliography Bibliographical references Footnotes Kinds of bibliographical entries: books, papers, collectted papers, proceedings… Formatting bibliography: indent before text and negative first line indent in all entries Automatic generation of table of contents and editing its entries to insert spaces after numbers at all levels used (typically 3). Editing Bibliography Heading style to include it in outline numbering. Page numbering and “live” header: First page and Left/Right page styles

8 Creating a spreadsheet
Basic concepts: spreadsheet, cell, line, column (Example: paylist.jpg) Inserting data and data types Basic editing operations Formatting a spreadsheet: borders, background, alignment, column and line width Creating a spreadsheet: Automatic numbering Formulas and their “intelligent” copying and expanding Graphical representation of results Formatting a spreadsheet for printing: Menu Print Preview and its options Page size and orientation Margins and column width

9 Using spreadsheet as a database
Basic concepts and definitions: database, records, and fields How records and fields correspond to rows and cells of a table Retrieving information from a database Sorting records by specific fields Constructing a standard filter: eg. filter out women who got more than zloty per month Putting them together

10 Using spreadsheet as a database
Mail merge: generating documents for each record in a database (example: letter of recognition.pdf Creating a database Creating a template document containing fields from the database (registering it in LibreOffice) Running the Mail Merge Wizard, setting some options and generating merged documents

11 E-mail encryption: GnuPG – Public-key cryptography
General overview and basic steps [7, 8, 9, 10] Step 1: Installing a dedicated client: Mozilla Thunderbird Webmail clients and dedicated IMAP/SMTP clients: what is the difference? Configuring Thunderbird for your existing (Bacon, Gmail?) account Testing communication Incoming and outgoing mail settings

12 E-mail encryption: GnuPG – Public-key cryptography
Step 2 (Windows): Installing Gpg4Win [9] Downloading the program from its webpage Performing full installation (all the program components) Step 3: Installing Enigmail plugin for Thunderbird [10] Did the new Enigmail menu appear?

13 E-mail encryption: GnuPG – Public-key cryptography
Using Enigmail [10] (pictures from [8]) Manually generating a pair of keys: public and private (passphrase protected), no revocation certificate What is the function of each key: public: encryption and verification of signatures private: decryption and signing Sending the public key to your friends Sending encrypted mails to people, whose public keys you have Sending signed messages to people, who have your public key Trying both What if you cannot decrypt the message or verify the signature?

14 Creating a webpage and/or blog
LAMP – the great opensource team in action Linux Apache Mysql Php: what is it? „Static” html webpages: a the mechanism the client browser sends request to the server the Apache serves content to the client over the web the browser interprets received code and displays it to the user and so on... Example: „Dynamic” pages: the php – mysql tandem the Apache executes php code on the page php scripts connect to mysql server exchanging information with a database and dynamically generate the webpage Examples: Wordpress, Joomla, Drupal, Roundcube...

15 Creating a webpage and/or blog (Wordpress)
What is Wordpress? [11] Famous 5-minutes install of Wordpress in 5 steps [12] Step 1: Download and unzip the WordPress package Step 2: Create a database for WordPress on your web server, as well as a MySQL (or MariaDB) user who has all privileges for accessing and modifying it. For this you may setup your own Linux server or register with a hosting provider (like cba.pl) who will provide you with services and tool he offers, as well as the domain for your website. Most commonly used tool for managing MySQL is phpMyAdmin Step 3: Find and rename wp-config-sample.php to wp-config.php, then edit the file and add your user and database information you provided in step 2 Step 4: Upload the WordPress files to the desired location on your web server. You will need an ftp client (like FireFTP plugin for Firefox) and ftp login data from your provider Step 5: Run the WordPress installation script by accessing the URL in a web browser. This should be the URL where you uploaded the WordPress files. Complete the install and create the blog admin account and password (do not forget them!)

16 Creating a webpage and/or blog (Wordpress)
Now what? First steps with WordPress [13 → First steps] Login to the backend After logging in you are on the main Administration Screen called the Dashboard. This is the brain behind your website, the place where you can let your creativity explode, writing brilliant prose and designing the best and most lovely website possible What the various menu items of the Administration Screen are for: Dashboard Posts Media Links Pages Comments Appearance Plugins Users Tools Settings

17 Computer system scheme (back to slide 4)
How does it work?...

18 Mathematical foundations – the binary system
Basic ideas of positional systems: decimal, binary, ...: = 2 * * * * 100 710 = 1 * * * 20 = 1112 Calculations.... 30 ÷ 2 = 15 rest 0 15 ÷ 2 = 7 rest 1 7 ÷ 2 = 3 rest 1 3 ÷ 2 = 1 rest 1 1 ÷ 2 = 0 rest 1 To calculate binary representation of a number, we copy rest values in reverse order. 3010=111102

19 Haksadecimal system The system is based on number 16 raised to appropriate power The number of 16-s ranges between 0-15: A B C D E F For example: 710 = 7 * 160 = 716 1610 = 1 * * 160 = 1016 FF16 = 15 * * 160 = = 25510

20 Binary information definition:
What is a logarithm:( ? What is probability:( ? 𝐼 𝑏 = log 𝑝

21 Binary information definition:
Examples: Playing cards ASCII characters (what is it?) --> ask Google:) Text file size (dir) Bits, bytes, kilo-, mega- i terabytes Bitrate for mp3 files (example: 128 kb/s)

22 Computer system and operating system – definitions
What is a computer system? Hardware and its basic parameters, units of measure... CPU (GHz, number of cores, cache...) RAM (GB) Disc system (GB, TB) Peripherals Network interfaces (Mb/s) Programs: operating system(Windows, Unix, Linux, Mackintosh, Android...), utility programs, programming languages... People: administrators, users…

23 What is the operating system doing?
OS tasks: Managing resources (CPU, RAM, disks, I/O devices, network interfaces…) and sharing them among user programs Resolving conflicts in hardware access Creating the environment in which programs work

24 Two (mutually contradictory) requirements operating systems should meet:
Comfort (workstations): Easy, user-friendly, intuitive interface (GUI – Graphical User Interface) Efficiency (servers): Speed, optimal use of resources, cost minimization (TUI – Text User Interface) Demonstration: various user interfaces in Linux

25 Multitasking OS (with time-sharing)
The ability to run more than one task simultaneously Effective time-sharing of CPU power among many tasks Shoemaker or lawyer analogy... Does a multitasking system require “windows” (GUI)? Demonstration..

26 Multi-user (multi-access) OS
Simultaneous, full access to system resources by more than one user Windows: depending on the version (and price!) we have partial or full multiaccess. Basic concepts: workstation and file server vs. terminal and application server UNIX-es: full multi-access: in text and (later) in graphical mode Demonstration: (UNC) \\bacon.umcs.lublin.pl\test: disk mapping, running a program saved on a remote disk UNIX multi-access: text ssh clients (putty, ssh…) and X2Go graphical client

27 Filesystem – basic concepts
MBR Partition table: primary and extended partitions Filesystem types: fat32, ntfs, ISO9660, ext2..4, reiserfs...: FAT The smallest allocation unit: cluster. Some example sizes: how to check it? Problems: How much space on disk is required for a 0 B file? How to calculate the maximum number of files that can be written on a harddrive? Demonstration: disk management (Windows), Prtition Magic, gparted (Linux)

28 What is virtual memory (SWAP) and why do we use it?
It is a dedicated area on the filesystem (file, partition...), which the processor (system) can use as an additional amount of physical RAM. This can overcome memory limitations. An intelligent system moves tasks that have not used CPU power for a long time from RAM to SWAP area in order to release as much RAM as possible SWAP is much slower than RAM… which in turn is much slower than CPU cache, which in turn is much slower than CPU chips. Of course, price rapidly increases with speed, so money matters here:) Demonstration: System monitor (Windows, Linux)

29 Some history of operating systems
Early history (1950s): systems dedicated for particular machines 1969: AT&T Bell LAB i MIT - Ken Thompson, UNIX: IBM PDP 11 and . The directory structure is very much like in modern Linux o 2016 and very different from that of Windows:) Denis Ritchie i Ken Thompson created the C language and re-writed the source code of UNIX in C. Thanks to this the system become scalable: one could compile it for various hardware platforms. An example program and its compilation: gcc temperat.cpp -o temperat IBM OS/2 Macintosh Microsoft DOS Microsoft Windows 3.x, 95, .... Linux, 1992 (Linus Torvalds) → Distributions: Slackware, RedHat (CentOs, Fedora), Debian (stable, testing...). Other: Ubuntu, Kubuntu, Mandriva, PLD, ...

30 Systemy Linuxowe How to install:
Regular installation to hard drive from DVD or netinst CD Install Linux in virtual environment under Windows: Create a bootable pendrive with Linux: The Linux LiveUsb (LiLi) program (for Windows) FC 25 images (the one we use on Bacon and in our labs) can be downloaded from: I recommend Mate, the one we use on X2go terminals A 4 GB disk space on a pendrive is enough. The .iso image takes about 1.7 GB, and you need about 1-2 GB for so called persistent storage area that enables you to install additional software, change configuration and keep your data. You can use your pendrive everywhere, also as a normal disk with data. You can also install Linux from your pendrive to a hardrive.

31 Systemy Linuxowe Kernel (vmlinuz...) Shell (bash, ...)
The four parts of a UNIX/Linux system: Kernel (vmlinuz...) Shell (bash, ...) File system (the /- structure, permissions, ownership ,...) User (utility) programs

32 Systemy Linuxowe System plików
Pojęcie katalogu domowego, właściciele plików i katalogów, prawa dostępu, podstawowe komendy: ls, dir, chmod, cd ls ls -l ls -la dir chmod o+x ~ chmod o+r ~ chmod o-rx ~ chmod 701 ~ chmod 705 ~ chmod 007 ~ Chmod 700 ~ Materiały pomocnicze: prawa dostępu a publikowane stron internetowych

33 Systemy Linuxowe System plików
Dalsze podstawowe komendy: pwd, mkdir, cd, rmdir, rm wraz z parametremi, cat, more, less, cp, grep pwd mkdir test echo test > test/test dir test rmdir test rm -rf test dir cat /etc/passwd more /etc/passwd less /etc/passwd cp /etc/passwd ~ cp -ax /stary-dysk /nowy-dysk grep wolsk /etc/passwd

34 Systemy Linuxowe System plików
Przegląd najważniejszych katalogów, ich funkcja i zawartość bin boot dev etc home lib media mnt proc root sbin tmp: znaczenie nowego prawa „t” usr: /usr/bin var Problem: gdzie jest główny system plików? Pokaz: partycja twardego dysku (gparted), dystrybucje LiveUSB.

35 Systemy Linuxowe System plików Dowiązania:
ln -s / ~/glowny ln -s /mnt/winda ~/dysk_c ln -s /mnt/kotek ~/kotek dir glowny dir glowny/ Katalogi z programami i ich zawartość /bin /sbin /usr/bin /usr/local/bin Pipe to wc ... Problem: jak rozpoznać programy w Windowsie a jak w Linuxie?

36 Systemy Linuxowe System plików
Montowanie lokalnych systemów plików i urządzeń jako root i jako zwykły użytkownik. Działanie haldaemon na przykładzie cdrom i nośnika usb. cat /etc/fstab mount blkid su - umount /dev/sda1 mount /dev/sda1 /home/test dir /home/test cd /home/test umount /home/test cd Wkładamy cdrom lub pendrive i pozwalamy haldaemon'owi go zamontować cd /run/media/[katalog_z_nosnikiem] umount /dev/sr0 lub umount /dev/sdb1 (device busy)

37 Systemy Linuxowe System plików Montowanie sieciowych systemów plików
NFS (Network Filesystem): System plików nfs (man mount) umożliwiający montowanie katalogów odległych serwerów unixowych, które na to pozwalają - znaczenie pliku konfiguracyjnego /etc/exports na serwerze. su - showmount -e bacon.umcs.lublin.pl ssh nano /etc/exports service nfs-server restart ctrl-d mount -t nfs bacon.umcs.lublin.pl:/home /mnt/nfs dir /mnt/nfs umount /mnt/nfs

38 Systemy Linuxowe System plików Montowanie sieciowych systemów plików
CIFS (Samba): Pakiet samba-client umożliwiający montowanie zasobów udostępnionych przez serwer Samby. su - mount -t cifs -o user=test //bacon.umcs.lublin.pl/test /mnt/samba dir /mnt/samba umount /mnt/samba Pokaz: wchodzimy przez Dolphin i gramy przez Dosbox

39 Systemy Linuxowe Procesy
Komenda ps (opcje u x a), użycie filtrów less, wc, grep ps ps u ps ux ps aux ps aux | less ps aux | wc -l ps aux | grep firefox ps aux | grep gosc7 | grep -v grep ps aux | grep firefox | grep gosc7 Zabijanie procesów: komendy kill, pkill, killall kill -9 <pid> kill -15 <pid> kill :) byle nie jako root killall -9 alpine mc pkill -9 -u gosc7 pkill -9 -c pine Program top: wyświetlanie informacji o systemie i posortowanej (top)listy procesów, „gorące klawisze”: M, T, P; zabijanie procesów: klawisz K

40 Systemy Linuxowe Procesy Procesy w tle: ctrl-z, jobs, fg, bg, & links
mc jobs fg 1 fg 2 killall -9 links mc yes > /dev/null top q bg 1 ctrl-c alternatywnie: yes > /dev/null & killall -9 yes

41 Systemy Linuxowe Procesy Specjalne programy do zarządzania procesami
screen - uruchamianie procesów wraz z wirtualnym ekranem. "Gorące klawisze" sesji programu sereen. Ponowny powrót do programów pozostawionych w sesji. screen yes ale draka > /dev/null ctrl-a d wylogowanie logowanie screen -r <ewentualnie PID> ctrl-a K at - uruchamianie procesów w określonym czasie, komendy do obsługi kolejek: atq, atrm at now + 5 minutes > kill -9 -1 > ctrl-d Atq crontab - regularne uruchamianie procesów crontab -l crontab -e */5 * * * * echo Hello | mail gosc7 * echo Happy New Year | mail alukasik Esc : wq crontab -r

42 Literature and Internet Sources:
Wikipedia: general concepts and definitions concerning operating systems Computer Hardware NTFS Permissions and File Sharing LibreOffice Getting Started User Guide Libreoffice lessons The hypertext LibreOffice help texts Encryption Overview Public-key cryptography GnuPG encription for Windows Enigmail: the encription plugin for Thunderbird -- instalation and usage guide What is WordPress (home page of the project) WordPress installation guide WordPress Lessons Linux Tutorial for Beginners Linux Filesystem Structure 5 Free E-books on Linux