Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystals

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1 Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystals
Structure and properties MSc Eng Marta Gajewska Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

2  Zirconia - introduction Melt Cubic c Tetragonal t Monoclinic m
Engineering applications tetragonal phases (mechanical properties) cubic phases (electric properties) Doping with oxides (Y2O3, CaO, Mg2O, CeO2 and others) allows to stabilize the high-temperature phases at room temperature Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

3 t - zirconia structure Tetragonal zirconia unit cell in both the body-centered tetragonal and pseudofluorite description Space group: P42/nmc Coordination number: 8 Z: 2 Lattice parameters: a = b = 5,1023 Å c = 5,1817 Å α=β=γ=90° Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

4 TZP - introduction Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystals with metastable tetragonal structure of very fine zirconia grains sintered at low temperature (e.g. with 2-4 mol% Y2O3) Tetragonal t Monoclinic m  1150°C 950°C Stabilization of the high-temperature tetragonal (t) form as metastable at room temperature  technique of transformation - toughening Metastable condition: surrounding structure opposes the expansive transition from t- to m-forms concentrated stress field at the crack tip  t-crystals transform into stable but less dense m-ZrO2 Propagating crack  Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

5 Y-TZP structure Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

6 Properties of TZP ceramics
High density – up to 6,1*10³ kg/m³ Low thermal conductivity – 20% of that of alumina ceramics High fracture toughness Very high flexural strength and hardness (11 GPa for 1.5 mol% yttria) Coefficient of thermal expansion similar to that of cast iron Modulus of elasticity similar to steel (150–200 GPa) High chemical resistance Good wear resistance Low coefficient of friction Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

7 References P. Boch, J.-C. Niepce „Ceramic Materials: Processes, Properties and Applications”, Hermes 2001, J. F. Shackelford, R. H. Doremus “Ceramic and Glass Materials: Structure, Properties and Processing”, Springer 2008, R. E. Smallman, R. J. Bishop, “Modern Physical Metallurgy and Materials Engineering”, Elsevier 1999, Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

8 Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystals
Why do we add yttria or other oxides to TZP? MSc Eng Honorata Kazimierczak Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

9 Introduction Zirconia (ZrO2) is an important ceramic material having a wide range of applications in engineering: -catalysis, -sensors, -gas turbines, -magnetic hydrodynamics process of power generation, -thermal barrier coatings, -high temperature nozzles in air engines, etc. Zirconia exist in three different crystalline forms: cubic (c) (stable at °C) tetragonal (t) (stable at °C) monoclinic (m) Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

10 Zirconia exist in three different crystalline forms:
cubic (c) (stable at °C) tetragonal (t) (stable at °C) monoclinic (m) t-m transformation: 3-5% volume increase => extensive cracking in the material. To stabilize the high temperaure t-phase at room temperature , CeO2, CaO, Y2O3 or MgO are usually added to zirconia in appropriate proportions. Ca-TZP 3Y-TZP Mg-TZP Ce-TZP Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

11 t-m transformation: 3-5% volume increase
It is known that the metastable tetragonal zirconia inclusions in a ceramic matrix transform to the stable monoclinic modification on application of external tensile stress around a crack tip. This martensitic transformation is associated with a volume expansion from the tetragonal to a larger monoclinic lattice which reduces and eventually stops the propagation of cracks, thus improve the resistance to mechanical failure. rys.1 Representation of stress-induced transformation toughening process. Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

12 Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

13 In order to retain the tetragonal phase at room temperature the grain size must be kept below a critical value. Rys.2. Retention of tetragonal phase. Critical grain size against oxide content in tetragonal zirconia. Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

14 Rys.3. Fracture toughness vs. yttria content.
Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

15 References: C.Piconi, G.Maccauro „Zirconia as a ceramic biomaterial”, Biomaterials 20 (1999) 1-25 M.M.R.Boutz, A.J.A. Winnubst, A.J. Burggraaf „Yttria-Ceria Stabilized Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystals: Sintering, Grain Growth and Grain Boundary Segregation”, Journal of European Ceramic Society 13 (1994) Marek Faryna „Analiza zależności krystalograficznych faz składowych w kompozytach z osnową ceramiczną”, IMIM PAN, Kraków 2003 4) H. El Attaoui , M. Saadaoui , J. Chevalier , G. Fantozzi „Static and cyclic crack propagation in Ce-TZP ceramics with different amounts of transformation toughening”, Journal of the European Ceramic Society 27 (2007) 483–486 Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

16 Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystals
Mechanical properties of Y-TZP MSc Eng Katarzyna Stan Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

17 Why Y2O3? Strength v. toughness curves for four types of transformation-toughened zirconia. Dashed line represents the critical stress for the tm transformation. Stabilized zirconia as a structural ceramic: An overview J. Robert Kellya, Isabelle Denryb Dental materials 24 ( 2008 ) 289–298 Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

18 TZP materials with 2-3% mol Y2O3
Completely constituted by tetragonal grains with sizes of the order of hundreds of nanometers Amount of the T-phase fraction retained at room temperature Retention of tertagonal phase. Critical grain size against Yttria content in tetragonal zirconia Influence on mechanical properties of TZP ceramics C. Piconi, G. Maccauro; Zirconia as a ceramic biomaterial; Biomaterials 20 (1999)  J Mater Sci 1982;17:240-6 Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

19 Replacements) ball heads Industry • High strength
Properties Aplications Precision ball valve balls and seats High density ball and pebble mill grinding media Rollers and guides for metal tube forming Thread and wire guides Hot metal extrusion dies Deep well down-hole valves and seats Powder compacting dies Marine pump seals and shaft guides Oxygen sensors High temperature induction furnace susceptors Fuel cell membranes Electric furnace heaters over 2000°C in oxidizing atmospheres Biomaterial – dental aplications, THR (Total Hip Replacements) ball heads Industry • High strength • High fracture toughness • High hardness • Wear resistance • Good frictional behavior • Non-magnetic • Electrical insulation • Low thermal conductivity (20% that of alumina) • Corrosion resistance in acids and alkalis • Modulus of elasticity similar to steel • Coefficient of thermal expansion similar to iron Chemical inertness Use temperatures up to 2400°C Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

20 Good chemical and dimensional stability, mechanical strength and toughness, coupled with a Young’s modulus in the same order of magnitude of stainless steel alloys was the origin of the interest in using zirconia as a ceramic biomaterial P. F. Manicone, P. R. Iommetti, L. Raffaelli; An overview of zirconia ceramics: Basic properties and clinical applications; Journal of Dentistry 35 (2007) 819 – 826 C. Piconi, G. Maccauro; Zirconia as a ceramic biomaterial; Biomaterials 20 (1999) 1 -25 Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

21 Good mechanical properties due to refined grain sizes
Y-TZP with small grain size 0.3–0.4 μm, High flexural strength 1000–1500 MPa and High fracture toughness 8–10 MPa Effects of material properties and testing parameters on wear properties of fine-grain zirconia TZP/ Chih-Chung T. Yang, Wen-Cheng J. Wei; Wear –104 Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

22 Concerning industrial applications – there is a need to investigate wear resistance of such material
. Mechanical property degradation in zirconia, known as „ageing”, due to the progressive spontaneous transformation of the metastable tetragonal phase into the monoclinic phase. This behavior is well known in the temperature range above 200°C in the presence of water vapor Without the occurrence of monoclinic phase, a better wear resistance of the Y-TZP with a high fracture toughness is expected The wear resistance and amount of m-phase of Y-TZP as a function of grain size Effects of material properties and testing parameters on wear properties of fine-grain zirconia TZP/ Chih-Chung T. Yang, Wen-Cheng J. Wei; Wear –104 Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

23 Parameters of the ceramic material are strongly effected
by the density of the material. Correlation between Microstructure, Phase Transformation during Fracture and the Mechanical Properties of Y-TZP Ceramics; J. L. Shi, B. S. Li, Z. L.Lu and X. X. Huang Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

24 Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystals
Y-TZP composites Reactions in material MSc Eng Piotr Bobrowski Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

25 Y-TZP composites composites with Y-TZP as matrix: Y-TZP properties:
good bending strength good fracture toughness median hardness poor wear resistance composites with Y-TZP as matrix: carbides: WC, TiC, SiC, NbC, CrxCy oxides: Al2O3, TiO2 nitrides: TiN other: TiB2, LiNbO3, LiTaO3 Y-TZP composites are investigated in purpose of improving hardness and wear resistance of pure ZrO2. Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

26 Y-TZP/TiB2, TiN and TiC composites
Ti ceramics: excellent hardness poor bending strenght poor fracture toughness Exerimental: - powders diameter: 0.2-2µm Vleugels , van der Biest: J.Am.Ceram.Soc. 82 (1999) Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

27 material / sintering temperature
Y-TZP/WC composites WC properties: boiling temperature: 6000OC excellent hardness excellent wear resistance Y-TZP/WC preparation: - hot pressing needed to obtain dense ceramics - oxygen free atmosphere Tensile strength material / sintering temperature 1400OC 1500OC TZP + 10% WC 180 MPa 195 MPa TZP + 20% WC 355 MPa 380 MPa TZP + 30% WC 520 MPa 560 MPa Solid state reactions in OC: ZrO2 + 3C → ZrC + 2CO – leads to stabilization of high symmetry phases ZrO2 + 6WC → ZrC + 3W2C + 2CO – porous structure bending strength [MPa] WC mol% amount Stresses caused by thermal expansion coefficient mismatch during cooling: αWC=5.2*10-6 K-1, αTZP=11.0*10-6 K-1 favours t→m transformation Pędzich, Haberko: Inżynieria Materiałowa 2 (1996) 40-45 Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

28 Y-TZP/SiC composites SiC properties: excellent hardness (Mohs: 9,5)
excellent wear resistance very brittle SiC inclusions shapes: whiskers platelets particles Composite properties material E σ KIC Hv Y-TZP 220 GPa 959 MPa 9.0 MPa m1/2 12 GPa Y-TZP/5% SiC 231 GPa 730 MPa 10.8 MPa m1/2 13 GPa stresses caused by thermal expansion coefficient mismatch during cooling (αWC=4.9*10-6 K-1, αTZP=11.0*10-6 K-1 play secondary role. - other toughening mechanisms appear: - crack deflection - crack branching - microcracking Solid state reactions above 1400OC: ZrO2 + 3/2SiC → ZrC + 3/2SiO + 1/2CO – gaseous CO generates pores SiC + CO → SiO + 2C – decomposition of carbide Ding, Oberacker, Thuemmler: Journal of the European Ceramic Society 12 (1993) Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

29 Y-TZP/Al2O3 composites Al2O3 properties: twice as stiff as ZrO2
chemically compatible with ZrO2, can be mixed in a wide range of concentrations Langa: Journal of Materials Science 17 (1982) Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

30 Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystals
Thermal etching, hot pressing, pressureless sintering MSc Eng Grażyna Kulesza Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

31 Thermally etched 99.9% alumina
Thermal etching The thermal etching is performed in a furnace or kiln under a controlled atmosphere chosen to the character of etched phase (phases), sometimes it may be vacuum (but also in specific cases) and comprises the following successive stages: rapid rise in the temperature of the furnace to a temperature plateau, maintaining the temperature at the plateau for few minutes, lowering the temperature to the final temperature. After this treatment the grain boundaries, pores and other microstructures become distinct due to reconstruction by surface diffusion which tends to minimize the total surface energy of the crystals. 93.1% Al2O3, 2.9% ZrO2 Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

32 Hot pressing In the ceramic industry  many methods of forming are used e.x.: pressing forming at elevated temperatures slip casting thermoplastic forming vibrating To choose proper forming method is determined by: shape size the required dimensional accuracy Hot pressing requires moisture powder to a few percent Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

33 Hot pressing Hot pressing has many advantages:
possibility to obtain high density compacts forming of non-plastic materials high strength dimensional accuracy sharp edges high efficiency, low waste introducing of automation and mechanization but also disadvantages: forming limited shapes cutouts and holes in the same direction like the pressing direction inhomogeneous densification along the direction of the applied pressure Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

34 Hot pressing Pressing is carried out in dense, rigid metal or graphite molds with smooth walls. It is high-pressure compression mostly 30 MPa (sometimes even till 100 MPa) pc H pc ρ ρ – relative density κ – pressing coefficient p – pressing pressure κ Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

35 Hot pressing The decisive point is size and shape of grains.
Very hard to form is fine powder, this situation leads to the inhomogenity of the texture* Use of thicker grains (granules) reduces the risk of cracks. For this purpose, the granulation is needed. *Texture - the spatial distribution of elements of the structure Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

36 Hot pressing An important parameter characterizing if the element is properly pressed is bulk density. Bulk density is defined as weight ratio to the volume of powder poured into the form. where: ρ – bulk density m – weight ratio V – volume of poured powder a) regular loose, b) single chessboard, c) double chessboard, d) pyramidal, e) tetraedrical alignment coordination number open porosity regular loose 6 47,68 single chessboard 8 39,55 double chessboard 10 30,20 pyramidal 12 25,95 tetraedrical Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

37 Hot pressing Hot pressing is a high-pressure, low-strain-rate  dense polycrystals synthesis process for forming of a powder or powder compact at a temperature high enough to induce sintering and creep processes. This is achieved by the simultaneous application of heat and pressure. gas radiator sample 400 MPa Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

38 Hot pressing Hot pressing vs. free sintering:
intensification and acceleration of the process leads to denser samples at lower temperatures and limits the growth of grains elimination of porosity better mechanical properties Range of applied pressure depends on the matrix material and temperature Material Tmax [°C] pmax [MPa] Graphit 2500 70 Al2O3 1200 210 SiC 1500 280 W 1400 25 Cermet (WC 65%, TiC 10%, Co 25%) 700 300 Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

39 Pressureless sintering
Mass transport mechanism: volume diffusion (Nabarro-Herring) diffusion along grain boundaries (Coble) diffusion on the surface of grains vapor pressure 2 1 4 3 Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

40 Pressureless sintering
F 2 R2 R1 Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

41 Pressureless sintering
1) and 2) mechanisms that cause contraction of the whole system, close-up of centers of each grains, leads to loss of porosity 3) and 4) without contraction, only mass transport 3) at low temperatures from long time, activated as a first process, prevent elimination of porosity, increase in neck 2) easier than 1) because diffusion along grain boundaries (as an area with a lot of defects) 1) at higher temperature, atoms exhaustion 4) at the highest temperatures, near melting temperature 2 1 4 3 Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

42 Pressureless sintering
Neck growth mechanism: x – neck radius R – grain radius t – time n, m – powers identifying the mechanism of sintering l.p. Way of mass transport Mass source Wieght loss place n m 1 volume diffusion grain boundary neck 5 3 2 diffusion along grain boundaries 6 4 diffusion on the surface of grains grain surface 7 vapor pressure Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

43 Pressureless sintering
Pressureless sintering is the sintering of a powder compact (sometimes at very high temperatures or relatively low temperatures, depending on the powder) without applied pressure. The powder compact (if ceramic) can be created by slip casting into a plaster mould, then the final green compact can be machined if necessary to final shape before being heated to sinter. Particular advantages of this powder technology include: Very high levels of purity and uniformity in starting materials Preservation of purity, due to the simpler subsequent fabrication process (fewer steps) that it makes possible Stabilization of the details of repetitive operations, by control of grain size during the input stages Absence of binding contact between segregated powder particles – or "inclusions" (called stringering) – as often occurs in melt processes No deformation needed to produce directional elongation of grains Capability to produce materials of controlled, uniform porosity. Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

44 References R. Pampuch, K. Haberko, „Nauka o procesach ceramicznych”, PWN, Warszawa 1982 Wykłady: Prof. dr hab. inż. K. Haberko, Dr. inż. Z. Pędzich, „Procesy i technologie ceramiczne” Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

45 Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystals
Mechanisms inproveing fracture toughness in TZP based composites MSc Eng Jagoda Poplewska Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

46 Fracture toughness where: σ – normal stress 2a- size of the crack
Fracture Toughness is ability of material to resist fracture when a crack is present (The more energy is needed to grow a crack, the higher the toughness of the material). General factors affecting the fracture toughness of material are: temperature, strain rate, presence of structure defects, presence of stress concentration (notch) on the specimen surface. Stress intensity factor: K = σ(πa)1/2f(r,θ) where: σ – normal stress 2a- size of the crack Three types of stress intensity factors: the opening mode KI the sliding mode KII the tearning mode KIII Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

47 Toughening mechanisms in ceramics
Crack-Tip interactions – obstacles in the crack path to impede crack motion (second-phase particles, whiskers, fibers, etc.): Crack Bowing Crack Deflection Crack-Tip Shielding – eg. transformation toughening, microcrack toughening; Crack Bridging – frictionally bonded fiber composites. Comparison of crack fully bridged by frictionally bonded fibers with the case where fibers break during matrix cracking forming a bridging zone behind the moving crack front Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

48 Crack Deflection Crack Deflection – tilt and twist out of the crack plane around grains and second-phase additions. SEM image showing crack propagation around a sapphikon (Al2O3) fiber in a calcium aluminosilicate (CAS) glass-ceramic SEM image showing fiber pullout on the fracture surface of AlPO4-coated alumina/ mullite fiber /Al2O3 CMC, hot pressed at 1250°C for 1h Ceramic materials: science and engineering, C. Barry Carter, M. Grant Norton Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

49 Crack Bridging Ligaments can be formed by mechanical interlocking of the grains; These ligaments will make it more difficult to open the crack at a given applied stress and will increase fracture toughness; This mechanism is important in frictionally bonded fiber composites; In these materials the final failure is not the result of propagation of a single crack. Illustration of crack bridging mechanisms with debonding and fiber pullout Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

50 Transformation Toughening
Some materials can transform from one crystal structure to another; Commonly this transformation is thermal, but in particular cases it is stress-induced; One uses the tetragonal to monoclinic phase transformation. The monoclinic structure is less compacted than tetragonal structure, and the theory says that increment of this volume closes the crack tips. This causes the toughening effect. Zirconia is the most important material due to transformation toughening behavior. Illustration of transformation toughening in a ceramics matrix containing ZrO2 particles Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

51 Transformation Toughening in ZrO2
Unstabilized ZrO2: t ⌫ m => 3vol% increase => cracks; Y2O3, CaO, MgO => Cubic “stabilized” ZrO2 (CSZ); Add smaller quantities of oxides and heat treat => c + t particles. Cool to RT => metastable t-phase; Under stress: t- ZrO2 transforms martensitically to m- ZrO2 => toughening effect. Partially Stabilized ZrO2 (PSZ). Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

52 Transformation Toughening
Why does the stress-induced transformation give rise to an increse in fracture toughness? The transformation zone can be thought of as a large transformed inclusion that is restricted by surrounding material; The transformation within the zone tries to enlarge the zone, but this is counteracted by surrounding untransformed material; Thus, the latter material opposes the dilatation of the transformation zone and presses back with residual stresses. Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim

53 References „A survey on the mechanisms and mechanics of toughening in structural ceramics”, G. Th.M. Stam, E. van der Giessen, P. Meijers, TU Delft, 1990 „Transformation toughening of ceramics”, D.J. Green, R.H.J. Hannink, M.V. Swain, CRC Press 1989 „Ceramic materials: science and engineering”, C. Barry Carter, M. Grant Norton, Springer, 2007 Interdyscyplinarne studia doktoranckie z zakresu inżynierii materiałowej z wykładowym językiem angielskim